tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-49445494657472170492024-03-14T11:28:38.979+05:30The KHMD BlogHackersMakersDesignersUnite
Gautam Padiyarhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17708246302158025480noreply@blogger.comBlogger40125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4944549465747217049.post-44543973624235126962020-04-02T20:36:00.000+05:302020-04-02T20:36:09.840+05:30Nature Art Again<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
After a long time,here are some more pictures of Nature Art works done by students of Class 7 from the DKS Campus.Truly a visual feast!!Great work,students!!<br />
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Anonymousnoreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4944549465747217049.post-5759394555109126342016-08-18T16:07:00.003+05:302016-08-18T17:05:44.803+05:30KHMD Ignite 2016<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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“Every brand needs advertising. Even Apple creates advertisements.”</div>
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While the above statement wasn’t really spoken out loud by any KHMDite, it was, in essence, the sentiment that fostered Ignite. Ignite was an event held by KHMD on 9<sup>th</sup> and 10<sup>th</sup> August to inspire high-school students to join the community. </div>
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But why would someone not interested in
technology bother to join? Because technology caters to a myriad
range of activities, from manga to music, sculpting to sketching, penning to photography… and what not.
Because coding, hacking or making isn’t just reserved for the technologically
inclined. It’s for everyone- ANYONE interested in making life simpler. Everyone
has the capability to be producers of technology than just consumers.</div>
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It was this very thought that was carried
across at Ignite. The 45-minute long event began, on both days, with an
exciting trailer created by Rohan, Gagan, Suraj and Kishan for KHMD. The ‘cool’ effects used in it
opened the spectators’ eyes to the wide usage of technology. </div>
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<span style="color: orange;"><b>First things first </b></span><br />
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<span style="text-align: left;">Aman then talked about the birth and
purpose of KHMD. The birth? Simply put, when a group of tech-heads got together
to become creators. The purpose? To
unite many others under a common interest, passion and love for technology. He spoke
about how there exists an innate creativity and imagination in every person-
and he or she just needs the freedom and support to create something useful and
inspiring. Apart from talking about making and designing, he cleared misconceptions that many in the audience had about
hacking. Hacking, he said, was for anyone with an interest to change something
for the better. It's completely legal, he insisted. <i>Not the first time he's had to do that, though. </i></span></div>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b>NOT an FBI briefing session</b>: Aman explaining what our hackers do</td></tr>
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<span style="color: orange;"><b><br /></b></span><span style="color: orange;"><b>"Did someone say pizza?" </b></span></div>
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But was this event all talk or just
showcasing videos? Certainly not. Next up was Suraj, who, using the MIT app
inventor, developed a ‘Pizza App’. Through this app, users connected to the
Internet could place their order for their preferred type of pizza and drink,
and it would immediately be recorded in the database on the other end. This
demonstration left the audience thinking about the varied possibilities (of
technology, not food). </div>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The<b> </b><i style="font-weight: bold;">interface </i>(some sly event promotion on the side is fine, right?) of the Pizza App</td></tr>
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He also took the audience through the code- which, unlike expected, was not a long string of abbreviations and syntax, but an easy-to-follow, logical sequence of actions that did not require mugging up said abbreviations and the differences between arbitrarily-used punctuation marks in coding.</div>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b>Behind the </b><b style="font-style: italic;">screens</b> (See what I did there?): The app's code</td></tr>
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<b style="color: orange;">Some design magic </b></div>
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<span lang="EN-IN">Next up was Ish’s talk on design. He
started off by explaining its importance, and spoke about how devices or
experiences that cater to all the senses are usually the most desirable. Then
he played a screen video of himself creating a sculpture of Frankenstein using
ZBrush. He also gave many tips to the audience about design- for example, how
overuse of a certain brilliant-design makes the creation unappealing (using
Frankenstein’s scars as an example). This extremely realistic creation was a
hit with the audience! <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b>The minute details play pivotal roles.</b> Ish explains how he recreated Frankenstein's scars. </td></tr>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b>The result: </b>Did Victor Frankenstein's creation look this good, though? </td></tr>
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<span lang="EN-IN"> </span>To round it off, we had a preview of the
new KHMD website, a video of eminent professionals talking about coding, and an enthralling music track by Kumarans EDM. This successful
event certainly inspired many students to come forth and join KHMD, to learn,
think, create and do, and above all-</div>
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Hack. Make. Design.<o:p></o:p></span><br />
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Ananyahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12333685120969055616noreply@blogger.com6tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4944549465747217049.post-63642868891763895442016-05-26T10:21:00.001+05:302016-05-26T15:05:31.279+05:30Basic Cryptography <div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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Does increased security provide comfort to paranoid people? Or does security provide some very basic protections that we are naive to believe that we don't need? During this time when the internet provides essential communication between millions of people and is being increasingly used as a tool for commerce, security becomes tremendously important issue to deal with.There are many aspects to security and many applications, ranging from secure commerce and payments to private communications and protecting passwords. One essential aspect for secure communication is cryptography.</div>
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<b>Cryptography</b> is the practice and study of techniques for secure communication in the presence of third parties. More generally, it is about constructing and analysing that overcome the influence of <b>third parties.</b>In layman's terms it is a science of coding and decoding of messages so as to keep these messages secure and not let it fall in the hand of unauthorised people. Also cryptography is used to store data and <b>retrieve </b>it back safely.</div>
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<b>CLASSIC CRYPTOGRAPHY</b></h3>
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The main classical <b>cipher</b>(an algorithm for performing encryption or decryption) types are <b>transposition ciphers</b>, which rearrange the order letters in a message and <b>substitution ciphers</b>,which symmetrically replace letters with other letters.</div>
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<b>Example: </b>"Hello world" becomes "ehlol owrdl" in a trivially simple rearrangement scheme.</div>
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MODERN CRYPTOGRAPHY </h3>
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The development of digital computers and electronics after the <b>WWII</b> made possible much more complex ciphers. Furthermore, computers allowed for the encryption of any kind of data representable in any binary format, unlike classic ciphers which only encrypted written language texts.</div>
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<span style="color: red;"><b>German Lorenz cipher machine used in WWII to encrypt very high level staff messages</b></span></div>
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These days a fine example of cryptography is <b>credit card </b>with <b>smart card </b>capabilities. Smart cards combine low cost and portability with the power to compute cryptographic algorithms.</div>
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The <b>padlock icon </b>from a web browser, meant to indicate a page has been sent in <b>encrypted-protected form. </b>However, seeing an icon results when code is intended to render it.<br />
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A very simple example which all of us use in our daily life is the <b>email.</b><br />
We live in a modern world. We must deliver emails either for business, to friends, companies, famous people who's address we have. It doesn't matter. We send emails all the time. People deliver <b>210 billion </b>emails daily! When you deliver an email, it has to get through the internet. A lot of people like to steal data from others, sometimes only for fun but danger comes when it is for something else. The internet is a <b>BIG </b>world. Emails are protected using data encryption. PGP(Pretty Good Privacy) is one method of protecting the email. This is both the name of a computer program and the protocol itself. So what exactly is the PGP protocol? It is a method to secure emails, a standard in cryptographically secure emails.<br />
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<b>Hence by using of encryption techniques a fair unit of confidentiality, authentication, integrity, access control and availability of data is maintained.</b></div>
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04476322851804223480noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4944549465747217049.post-54723693406863828902016-05-23T21:16:00.001+05:302016-05-24T18:58:41.059+05:30AR and VR: The Future is Here<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-9vkiqeOk9q0/VvqgvjBUCUI/AAAAAAAAKUI/qS0I4KNY3U04WxyOtV1EOp_tHH0Bnc5pw/s1600/images.jpe" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="265" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-9vkiqeOk9q0/VvqgvjBUCUI/AAAAAAAAKUI/qS0I4KNY3U04WxyOtV1EOp_tHH0Bnc5pw/s400/images.jpe" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">http://www.theverge.com/2015/1/21/7868251/microsoft<br />
-hololens-hologram-hands-on-experience</td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b><u>Introduction</u></b></span></h3>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 18.666666666666664px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Initially, early man was left in this world to fend for himself. In the mission of survival, many changes and innovations were brought about. Over the years the factors which lead to change kept on changing but the rate of innovation only accelerated. In the 20th century people could only dream about having a TV, Radio, Calculator, etc.. in their pocket. This was made a reality in the beginning of the 21th century with the introduction of smartphones. Smartphones have changed our lives in many aspects. It is estimated that a major innovation is brought about within every 20 years. This leads us to an important question: What is the next big thing?</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b id="docs-internal-guid-4bbdfadb-c2fe-b7df-89a3-c1c0059842f7" style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b></span>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 18.666666666666664px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Smartphones have changed the way we communicate and get information. Many people believe that the next big thing will change what we perceive as reality. It should be able to let us go into a digital world where we can not only get spontaneous information but also experience various situations. Seeing potential in this world, many people started working on it. Their result: Virtual Reality(VR) and Augmented reality(AR).</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 18.666666666666664px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 18.6667px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><b><u>Virtual Reality(VR)</u></b></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 18.666666666666664px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Virtual reality refers to immersive multimedia which can expose the user to the virtual world and make him/her believe that that is the real environment.</span></span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 18.666666666666664px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">It is made interactive by engaging all the senses of the user. So you could basically be the real-life Marvel hero, Tony Stark.</span></span></div>
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<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 18.666666666666664px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Picture this, a world with rockets, books, icecreams or even a choco land. Mouth watering isn't it? Well you could experience it right now. Just get yourself a google cardboard for ₹650 and you’ll be on your way. </span></span></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-ldvnZZHPn7Y/VvlVqOUQ8DI/AAAAAAAAKSA/ovObE_-sKE85hzCVupPjhymx52SPWMGLA/s1600/download%2B%25282%2529.jpe" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="216" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-ldvnZZHPn7Y/VvlVqOUQ8DI/AAAAAAAAKSA/ovObE_-sKE85hzCVupPjhymx52SPWMGLA/s320/download%2B%25282%2529.jpe" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">http://www.popsci.com/google-cardboard</td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 18.666666666666664px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">VR Headsets give us an experience of virtual reality. A lot of them are available in the market. As a beginner, you could get yourself a google cardboard for a very cheap price. For better performance you can consider Oculus rift, HTC Vive and Samsung Gear VR.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 18.6667px; line-height: 25.76px; white-space: pre-wrap;"><b><u>Uses of VR</u></b></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 18.666666666666664px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span></span></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-wh812f9sFe4/VvlVqODKNHI/AAAAAAAAKSE/gPOXc1yTKI0aZhXXepItjqU1ws1oltMSQ/s1600/download%2B%25283%2529.jpe" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="177" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-wh812f9sFe4/VvlVqODKNHI/AAAAAAAAKSE/gPOXc1yTKI0aZhXXepItjqU1ws1oltMSQ/s320/download%2B%25283%2529.jpe" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">https://www.kickstarter.com/projects/1523379957/<br />
oculus-rift-step-into-the-game/posts/872324</td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 18.666666666666664px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Virtual reality lets you experience various things before we actually do it in the real world. Imagine playing a first person shooting game like call of duty directly on the battle ground. Imagine paying a visit to Paris while sitting at home. Imagine experiencing various emergency situations before they actually happen in reality. Intriguing isn’t it? Well, VR has turned all these dreams into a reality.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 18.666666666666664px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Virtual Reality takes you away from the real world and lets you interact with the virtual world. A few other people thought differently. They started working on what we call today, Augmented Reality(AR).</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 18.666666666666664px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 18.6667px; line-height: 25.76px; white-space: pre-wrap;"><b><u>Augmented Reality(AR)</u></b></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 18.666666666666664px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Augmented reality refers to the integration of digital information with the environment that we live in. It can be used to satisfy the ever growing thirst for information that we as humans have.</span></span></div>
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<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-z8khflqpU1k/VvlXu-8EgcI/AAAAAAAAKSY/Hj103xv46swiQju5Xo-312fojgo35WVMQ/s1600/download%2B%25284%2529.jpe" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="179" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-z8khflqpU1k/VvlXu-8EgcI/AAAAAAAAKSY/Hj103xv46swiQju5Xo-312fojgo35WVMQ/s320/download%2B%25284%2529.jpe" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">http://www.pcmag.com/article2/0,2817,2416488,00.asp</td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-sCcLS_pCP88/VvlXuQEiKoI/AAAAAAAAKSU/qnM5oIXUgN0lPplus-uruGnPYcl3AQ_BA/s1600/download%2B%25285%2529.jpe" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="212" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-sCcLS_pCP88/VvlXuQEiKoI/AAAAAAAAKSU/qnM5oIXUgN0lPplus-uruGnPYcl3AQ_BA/s320/download%2B%25285%2529.jpe" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">http://www.newstatesman.com/sci-tech/2015/06/how-<br />
microsofts-breakthrough-portable-<br />
holographic-technology-could-make-science</td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 18.666666666666664px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Google glass and Microsoft Hololens are the best examples for augmented reality. Google glass provides a lot of information on the go. The Microsoft Hololens works a bit differently, It combines the elements of VR and AR. It displays the elements of the virtual world in our environment. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 18.666666666666664px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">For more information on Microsoft Hololens, check out, </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-size: 18.6667px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><a href="http://kumaranhmd.blogspot.in/2015/02/the-microsoft-hololens.html" style="text-decoration: none;">http://kumaranhmd.blogspot.in/2015/02/the-microsoft-hololens.html</a></span></span><br />
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<u>Future of AR</u></h3>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 18.666666666666664px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">AR has a lot of potential as it can mobilise information easily to masses. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 18.666666666666664px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">It can be used to make interactive user manuals with real time instructions, improve sightseeing by displaying information on just viewing the object, provide navigation by overlaying routes on the user’s plane of sight, play immersive games and help consumers to visualise products as a part of their environment.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 18.666666666666664px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 18.6667px; line-height: 25.76px; white-space: pre-wrap;"><b><u>Conclusion</u></b></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 18.6667px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">The pace of technological evolution is high and it will only increase in the future. AR and VR are just one of the many technological innovations out there. But one thing is for certain, they are here to stay. We might one day live in a desired virtual world where all of us can live virtually anywhere in complete freedom. It also has the potential to make every object, surface and environment a portal to the digital world, full of information. That day is not far away. So let the virtual era begin!</span></span></div>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=09vxKN1zLNI</td></tr>
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Suraj Rhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01661566639068431927noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4944549465747217049.post-71224731775452864492016-05-23T20:38:00.002+05:302016-05-23T20:38:54.346+05:30 ASCII : Alphabets in Computers<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="font-size: x-large;"><u> ASCII : Alphabets in Computers</u></span></div>
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The storage of numbers is relatively easy to understand as, computers are very simple at the basic level. Computers use Base - 2, meaning they count in powers of two. This also means that computers have only Humans on the other hand count in Base - 10, meaning we two digits, namely 0 & 1. Humans count in the powers of 10, so we have 10 digits (0-9). For example,</div>
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32 = 3 x 10^1 +2 x 10^0 ("^" means raised to the power of)</div>
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For computers,</div>
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32 = 1 x 2^5 + 0 x 2^ 4 + 0 x 2^3 + 0 x 2^2 + 0 x 2^1 + 0 x 2^0</div>
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Each 2^x represents a "bit". Think of each bit as a slot. In this slot a zero or one can be placed. The bits are also represented as powers of two in their order. For example : the fourth bit is 0 or 1 into 2^4. Nowadays, computers have either 32 bits or 64 bits meaning the maximum value that can be stored is <span style="background-color: white; color: #242729; font-family: Arial, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 19.5px;">2,147,483,647. Note : we can DISPLAY numbers greater than this. But on a 32 bit computer, this is the maximum value you can STORE.</span></div>
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<a href="https://images.duckduckgo.com/iu/?u=http%3A%2F%2Fthekristna.com%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2013%2F03%2FBits.jpg&f=1" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img alt="Sekedar ingin menyelaraskan pemikiran agar bisa didapatkan pengertian ..." border="0" class="detail__media__img-highres js-detail-img js-detail-img-high" height="200" src="https://images.duckduckgo.com/iu/?u=http%3A%2F%2Fthekristna.com%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2013%2F03%2FBits.jpg&f=1" style="display: block;" width="200" /></a></div>
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So, if every possible configuration of the bits (slots) is used up to represent unique numbers, where is the place for letters? Computers need to be able to process letters for being useful to us, otherwise, the are just expensive calculators.</div>
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Here is where ASCII comes in. ASCII stands for <span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;"> </span><b style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;">American Standard Code for Information Interchange. </b><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;">ASCII helps us to store and display letters on our screens.</span></div>
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In the ASCII encoding (fancy term for saying configuration of letters), a letter is given a unique numerical value. When the computer receives this value, it processes it as a letter. The value of "a" is given a value of 97. Note : "a" is different from "A" as they are considered as different characters.</div>
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<img alt="The ASCII code is 7-bit which means that 7-bit number (number from ..." class="detail__media__img-highres js-detail-img js-detail-img-high" src="https://images.duckduckgo.com/iu/?u=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gjszlin.cz%2Fivt%2Fesf%2Fostatni-sin%2Fimages%2F01_ascii.png&f=1" style="display: block; height: 280px; width: 518px;" /></div>
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You must be wondering, if every possible binary value is represented as a number, and each letter is represented by a number, how does a computer know weather we mean "a" or just 97?<br /><br />Actually, your computer doesn't .</div>
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In reality, your computer is just hardware. What makes it really run is your operating system or software. The Operating System is the main piece of software. Windows, OSX and Linux are all operating systems. Now if you open your web-browser like Chrome or IE (Why do you still use this?) you are running another piece of software on top of your operating system.</div>
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Think of it as a cake : Your hardware is the base, your operating system is like frosting and applications are like the cherry on top.</div>
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<img alt="new.edu | BA410: Management Information Systems" class="detail__media__img-highres js-detail-img js-detail-img-high" src="https://images.duckduckgo.com/iu/?u=http%3A%2F%2Fimages.flatworldknowledge.com%2Fgallaugher_1.2%2Fgallaugher_1.2-fig09_001.jpg&f=1" style="display: block; height: 280px; width: 511.482px;" />So, when you press the KEY on your keyboard, your operating system identifies it either as a number or a letter, while your HARDWARE processes it as a number/alphabet. In this way computers can identify numbers and letters uniquely and helps you type. </div>
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When you open notepad, you can be sure that whatever you want to write actually happens.</div>
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-Raghav M</div>
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17652065278482942689noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4944549465747217049.post-25821674409659982922016-05-23T17:19:00.001+05:302016-05-23T17:19:35.462+05:30The Beginning of Digital Data: Compact Discs(CD)<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
CD discs are now on the brink of being removed from the digital world. The Macbook Pro, released by Apple, doesn't even have a CD slot. The new pen drives and hard drives are taking the place of the Compact Discs.<br />
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Compact Discs are important from a beginners point of view as they were one of the first means of storing large amounts of digital data. Until then data was stored in an analog way. Digital data is usually represented in bits. On and off signals are generally used to relay messages. Analog data, however, is transmitted by using changes in amplitude, frequency or an other property in proportion to that of a variable.<br />
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CDs initially could store 650 Mb of data, a far cry from today's terabyte storing hard drives. Nevertheless in their time CDs were very important. A CD works with a very important concept called Optic Laser Technology. A CD is initially a flat disc. A machine in a factory uses a "write laser" to carve out certain patterns on the CD discs. The patterns are in the form of "pits" and "lands".</div>
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<img alt="How Data is written on CD" src="http://www.engineersgarage.com/sites/default/files/imagecache/Original/wysiwyg_imageupload/1/How-Data-is-written-on-CD.gif" /><br />
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These "pits" and "lands" themselves do not represent "1" and "0" but rather a change from pit to land or land to pit is read as one, but no change is read as zero. The write laser as mentioned above is quite powerful and is used to write or "burn" information onto the CD's polycarbonate layer in the form of pits and burns.<br />
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<img alt="Laser and photocell inside a CD player" src="http://cdn4.explainthatstuff.com/insidecdplayer.jpg" /><br />
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Reading the CD is also a similar process. Another laser known as the "read laser" moves across the CD in a spiral fashion. The CD reader also includes a photo cell or a diode which detects light by changing its resistance based on the light received(for more information on photocells: http://www.instructables.com/id/Photocell-tutorial/). As the laser moves on the disc different readings emerge. When the laser encounters a land the light is reflected normally and the photocell receives the light and sends a signal to the microcontroller transmitting the binary digit "1". If a pit is encountered the light is scattered and no data is light is received by the photocell and hence it transmits the binary digit "0". Like this a series of "1" and "0" are transmitted. This is later used by the computer.<br />
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<img alt="Image result for cd" 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" /><br />
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CDs at first to a layman might seem as an ordinary electric component, but the brains,ingenuity, and precision must be applauded. Though CDs will cease to exist in another few years the spark they have created in the realm of storing massive digital data is worth recognising. </div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00024907861746859562noreply@blogger.com25tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4944549465747217049.post-77230636235532222252016-04-26T16:34:00.000+05:302016-05-07T16:07:06.986+05:30Raspberry Pi VS Arduino Uno : The Showdown<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-Oh_ggd87BrU/Vx8C7PMAxeI/AAAAAAAACFg/QggAtnSEdksXYOXKTsiCoB4nderilrQ6QCLcB/s1600/pic1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-Oh_ggd87BrU/Vx8C7PMAxeI/AAAAAAAACFg/QggAtnSEdksXYOXKTsiCoB4nderilrQ6QCLcB/s320/pic1.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<u><span style="color: #ff9900; font-size: x-large;">Arduino VS Raspberry Pi : The Showdown</span></u><br />
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<span style="font-size: x-large;">I</span>n
the modern world, almost everyone who is into embedded programming with
electronics have either an Arduino Uno or a Raspberry Pi. Many people
believe that both of them do the same thing and that it is only the
price that sets them apart.</div>
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It is only when we look into the details that we can find some differences between the two. Let's get straight into it. </div>
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<u><span style="color: #93c47d; font-size: medium;">Under the hood</span></u></div>
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Let's look at some of the specs of the Arduino Uno and the Raspberry Pi B+ as they are the most common once used.</div>
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Except
that the Raspberry Pi does not have analog pins. It looks as if
Raspberry Pi has already won. But there are some differences that make
the Arduino a good competitor. Read on to find out ! </div>
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<br /></div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
<u><span style="color: red;">The Basic Differences</span></u></div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
The
Arduino is a micro controller which means that when it boots up, it
just runs the code that is assigned to it, it has no Operating System.
It is a part of a computer. But the Raspberry Pi is a full fledged
computer. This may seem advantageous to the Pi in all ways, but it is
not so.</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
Since the Raspberry Pi is a full
fledged computer which runs on Linux distributions, it gives you more
power and flexibility. But most advantages come with a disadvantage. In
this case the disadvantage is complexity. </div>
<div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-ai27QnIg_5c/Vx8DAosYkUI/AAAAAAAACFo/Cosaci0Zgr8NNdwXsrNKZn2IiQR_sQE1QCKgB/s1600/pic%25283%2529.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="226" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-ai27QnIg_5c/Vx8DAosYkUI/AAAAAAAACFo/Cosaci0Zgr8NNdwXsrNKZn2IiQR_sQE1QCKgB/s320/pic%25283%2529.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<br /></div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
Since
the Arduino has no Operating System, it runs the code assigned to it
with no background processes to handle thus it is better in terms of
reading real time input from sensors , etc.. But the Raspberry Pi might
take a while as it runs on an OS and needs to process that extra bit more. </div>
<div>
<br />
One major difference is that in order to program or use a Raspberry Pi you WILL need an SD card with the required OS , keyboard, mouse and and a HD display compatible with HDMI ports The Arduino requires a serial cable and a computer running Windows XP or later . <br />
<br /></div>
<div>
Apart from these major differences, there are some other minor differences as well.</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: medium;"><u><span style="color: magenta;">Input/ Ou</span><span style="color: magenta;">tput Pins</span> </u></span></div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
The Raspberry Pi has a " 3.3 V " Logic where as an Arduino has a "5V" one.</div>
<div>
This can be good or bad as some components have a 5V output where as some have 3.3 V. </div>
<div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-4BXNE0j_sWA/Vx8DAR2mDtI/AAAAAAAACFk/qoZuDoG-fu8QtzN-ISxmmfEw5ZFOQuKAgCKgB/s1600/pic%25284%2529.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="258" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-4BXNE0j_sWA/Vx8DAR2mDtI/AAAAAAAACFk/qoZuDoG-fu8QtzN-ISxmmfEw5ZFOQuKAgCKgB/s320/pic%25284%2529.png" width="320" /></a></div>
<br />
<br />
<br /></div>
<div>
The
Arduino having a 5V logic can handle 3.3V as well as 5V.But this is not true vice versa.<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-CL5OwVfpQQ4/Vx8DA7zAb1I/AAAAAAAACFw/DArpIzBE4KQzqEzRJhvUAYpFmtCGbmIywCKgB/s1600/pic%25285%2529.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="267" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-CL5OwVfpQQ4/Vx8DA7zAb1I/AAAAAAAACFw/DArpIzBE4KQzqEzRJhvUAYpFmtCGbmIywCKgB/s400/pic%25285%2529.png" width="400" /></a></div>
<br />
<br />
<br />
Do note that the Raspberry Pi does not have a good history
on handling a 5V output for even a second ! That does put down the Raspberry Pi quiet a bit considering MOST DIY elements these days are powered by 5V.</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
<u><span style="color: #660000; font-size: medium;">DC Input</span></u></div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
The
Arduino and the Raspberry Pi can run on the usual 5V DC input (a.k.a
from a USB phone charger.) The Raspberry Pi cannot handle anything above
5V. The Arduino Uno on the other hand is can handle anything from 5V to
20 V as it has an on board regulator.</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
Unlike
Arduino the Raspberry Pi as a computer needs a steady supply of very
good quality of 5V. If not there would be some lockups and problems.</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
Also, the Arduino can run straight of a 9 V battery as it saves the code from the previous session.</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
<u><span style="color: #9900ff; font-size: medium;">Analog Pins</span></u></div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
Unlike
the Raspberry Pi, the Arduino can directly read analog voltage as it
already has an ADC( analog to digtal converter) on board which the
Raspberry Pi does not have.<br />
<br />
This does mean that you have to take that extra step on converting it in the Raspberry Pi which might cause some hiccups during the process . </div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
<u><span style="color: #45818e; font-size: medium;">Audio/Video </span></u></div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
The
Raspberry PI is capable of playing back video files at FULL HD and audio files at a good quality while the
Arduino is incapable of doing that.Although the Arduino can make
tones using a Piezo element , it cannot play Audio straight off without a sound card / sound shield . </div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
The
Arduino also cannot play video as it does not have the video card/
Audio card. This is reasonably acceptable as the Arduino is only a Micro-
Controller and is not built for Video/Audio output.<br />
<br />
The Raspberry Pi can also RECORD video if you have a compatible webcam. Where as the Arduino Uno denies the opportunity . </div>
<div>
<span style="background-color: black;"><span></span></span><br /></div>
<div>
<span style="color: blue;"><br /><span style="background-color: white;"><u>Wireless Capabilities </u></span></span><br />
<br />
The Raspberry Pi is capable of connecting to the Wi Fi just by hooking it up to the attachment.<br />
Where as the Arduino needs its more expensive Wi Fi shield . This might be a disadvantage .<br />
<br />
The Rasperry Pi also can connect to bluetooth with the help of the bluetooth module. The same goes to the Arduino Uno . <br />
<br /></div>
<div>
<u><span style="background-color: black; color: #9fc5e8; font-size: medium;">Choosing the Right One</span></u></div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
Choosing
the right board heavily depends on your project that you will be doing.
Here is the compiled list of some of the projects.</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: medium;">If you are doing with something which involves reading input from sensors, </span>then Arduino would be your best bet as it has a good compatibility with most sensors whether it is Analog or digital.</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: medium;">If you are making a project that has a graphical user interface, </span>then the Raspberry Pi would be the one for you as it can handle Video and Audio output whereas the Arduino cannot.</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: medium;">If you are a beginner to electronics, DIY , etc ... , </span> then the Arduino would be you best bet as there is a big community out there which could help you to get up and running.</div>
<div>
<span style="background-color: black; color: red;"><br /></span></div>
<div>
<u><span style="background-color: black; color: red; font-size: medium;">To Sum Up</span></u></div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
Both
these boards are really good when compared to each other but these both
do different things.The choice is left upon the type of project that
you will be working on.<br />
<br />
These differences have covered all of what you
need until you get fairly advanced. If you are that advanced person you can also combine them both to make a deadly combination ! For now<br />
happy hacking ! </div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
______________________________<wbr></wbr>______________________________<wbr></wbr>___</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
If you want me to make any changes or if you want to do it , feel free to do so.</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
Sources = Images : Google Images . Specs : <a data-saferedirecturl="https://www.google.com/url?hl=en&q=http://www.arduino.cc&source=gmail&ust=1461734863657000&usg=AFQjCNEWRSry0-adkML7MGfVqrbvO63zHg" href="http://www.arduino.cc/" target="_blank">http://www.arduino.cc</a> / <a data-saferedirecturl="https://www.google.com/url?hl=en&q=https://www.raspberrypi.org/&source=gmail&ust=1461734863657000&usg=AFQjCNFsXxL3wSsBBt1BzyxwAnsCRtaRTQ" href="https://www.raspberrypi.org/" target="_blank">https://www.raspberrypi.org/</a></div>
</div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05902823610040379655noreply@blogger.com6tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4944549465747217049.post-2616288456007282642015-12-09T23:18:00.001+05:302016-03-23T19:30:23.169+05:30LMLE : How I created a compilation of "Invisible Man" notes<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
LMLE stands for "Linux Makes Life Easy". If you don't understand any of the commands used, please google them.<br />
<br />
So today I was going through some websites looking for notes for "The Invisible Man" that I have to study as a part of out 12th standard syllabus. I found a good resource here <a href="http://thebestnotes.com/booknotes/Invisible_Man_Wells/The_Invisible_Man_Study_Guide01.html" target="_blank">http://thebestnotes.com/<wbr></wbr>booknotes/Invisible_Man_Wells/<wbr></wbr>The_Invisible_Man_Study_<wbr></wbr>Guide01.html</a> but realized that it had tons of different HTML pages each having distracting ads and stuff. I wanted a neat solution to read this stuff quickly without too much clicking.<br />
<br />
Since I had 3 pre-boards left and I'd have to go through these notes at least 3 more times, I though it would be worth investing some time and get it formatted. But obviously, copy pasting 30+ times wasn't an option for me. I needed something much quicker.<br />
<br />
So, Here goes.<br />
<br />
I booted up Linux (sadly Windows is still my working OS), and opened up the terminal. I remembered Arjun telling me about wget a few weeks back, so I decided to give it a shot.<br />
<br />
This is what I tried first<br />
<br />
<div class="code">
wget http://thebestnotes.com/booknotes/Invisible_Man_Wells/The_Invisible_Man_Study_Guide01.html"
</div>
<br />
Plain and simple, but it gave me only an offline version of the website itself. Then I tried this<br />
<br />
<div class="code">
wget -r
</div>
<br />
It gave me the same thing but inside a folder and it wasn't any use. Being the noob I still am, I tried man wget and tried figuring it out. But I didn't really have the time. So I consulted a programmers best friend - Stack Overflow!<br />
<br />
I found this neat combination of options that helped me download all the files into one html file all at once.<br />
<br />
<div class="code">
wget -r -l1 -H -t1 -nd -N -np -A.html -erobots=off -O file.txt http://thebestnotes.com/booknotes/Invisible_Man_Wells/The_Invisible_Man_Study_Guide01.html
</div>
<br />
But guess what? It was no use because an extra "0" in "01,02,03" in the naming of the html links on the page ruined the ordering of the content in the output file.<br />
<br />
So I just used the messy version of the previous command - download all html files separately and then parse them <br />
<br />
<div class="code">
wget -r -l1 -H -t1 -nd -N -np -A.html -erobots=off http://thebestnotes.com/booknotes/Invisible_Man_Wells/The_Invisible_Man_Study_Guide01.html
</div>
<br />
So now I had all the content locally. But they were all individual html files. I researched a little bit and found that there was a 3rd party utility available called "html2text" that did exactly what I wanted.<br />
<br />
<div class="code">
sudo apt-get install html2text</div>
<br />
Boom. Installed. Just like that. Is it that easy on Windows? Definitely not. <br />
<br />
Only one step left.<br />
<br />
<div class="code">
html2text -utf8 -nobs -style pretty The_Invisible_Man_Study_Guide01.html > file.txt </div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
But this gave me the output only for one file. So I just wrote a small script to automate it for all the files.</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div class="code">
for x in 0{1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9} 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17<br />
do<br />
html2text -utf8 -nobs -style pretty The_Invisible_Man_Study_Guide$x.html >> file.txt
done
</div>
<div>
<br />
After all this, I had perfectly readable content but the problem of some unnecessary text still remained. So I manually opened up the file and within 2 minutes, removed all the unnecessary stuff and it was finally perfectly formatted to my liking. (file.txt was the final output file.)</div>
<div>
<br />
When I opened it up using gedit, the scrolling flicker was hurting my eyes, so I used a terminal based alternative.</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
To read it now, All I have to say is </div>
<div>
</div>
<div class="code">
<br />
vi file.txt</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
<br />
If I'm looking for a particular section, I just use grep and read only that part. </div>
<div>
Works pretty well, worth spending half an hour.<br />
<br />
Any questions? Leave a comment. <br />
<br /></div>
</div>
Gautam Padiyarhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17708246302158025480noreply@blogger.com5tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4944549465747217049.post-75080835141738464192015-09-17T22:29:00.000+05:302015-09-17T22:29:04.304+05:30Touchscreen-Tech<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<div style="text-align: center;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 1; word-spacing: 0px;">
<div style="margin: 0px;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 1; word-spacing: 0px;">
</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Have you ever wondered why your iPad does not respond to your finger? </span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">If you have wondered, then great, but if you have not, then, no problem. Anyways, in either case, it is worth knowing the answer!! To understand the answer to this question, we must first understand what “touchscreen technology” is, and how it works.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 1; word-spacing: 0px;">
<div style="text-align: center;">
<div style="margin: 0px; text-align: justify;">
<span style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Technically ‘touchscreen’ is an input device layered on the
visual display unit of an information processing system that enables you to
operate the system using your finger, stylus or designed gloves.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">In simpler words, it is the technology that helps your finger
use your smartphone!<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Nowadays, touchscreen technology is not limited to just
tablets and smartphones but is instead creatively employed in almost everything
from laptops to gaming consoles. It is used in hospitals, heavy machinery and
even ATMs.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">But, in order to be able to employ touchscreen technology as
well as we do in the present, a lot of research and work has been done over the
last five decades. And this work, can be traced down to scientist E.A. Johnson who
first published his work on touchscreen technology in 1965. A decade later, at
CERN the first transparent touchscreen was developed by Frank Beck and Bent
Stumpe. In 1972, the University of Illinois filed a patent for the invention of
an optical touchscreen, and consequently, further discoveries in the field led
to what we possess today in our smartphones, tablets etc.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Now with this much of a background, we can now explore <b>HOW </b>touchscreen works.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">There are essentially two main types of touchscreen
technologies:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">1.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Resistive Touchscreen Technology.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">2.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Capacitive Touchscreen Technology</span><o:p></o:p><br />
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-size: large;">Resistive Touchscreen Technology:</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></b><br />
<b><span style="line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></span></b>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-r_5Gr5Y-_1c/VfF088DfdhI/AAAAAAAAAOw/UTTFAaKdJLs/s1600/KHMD1.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="312" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-r_5Gr5Y-_1c/VfF088DfdhI/AAAAAAAAAOw/UTTFAaKdJLs/s400/KHMD1.gif" width="400" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b>Source</b>: <a href="http://bit.ly/1NnAq2D">http://bit.ly/1NnAq2D</a><b><o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">In this technology, there are two layers separated by a very
thin space. The front layer has an external hard plastic covering facing
outside, and an inside conductive coating.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The layer behind, has a glass covering facing the outside,
and a conductive coating on the inside of this layer.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">When the front hard plastic coating is touched, the little
pressure applied, causes the two internal conductive layers to touch. The
device then recognizes which part of the screen the finger/stylus has touched,
and accordingly performs its function. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b><span style="line-height: 107%;">Capacitive</span></b><span style="line-height: 107%;"> <b>Touchscreen
Technology:</b><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 107%;"><b><br /></b></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Here, unlike before, the pressure applied is not the
determinant. Rather, it is the material with which the screen is handled with. </span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-ruudXbeWsGE/VfF1a0stIjI/AAAAAAAAAO4/z9VNHs0icsE/s1600/KHMD2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="245" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-ruudXbeWsGE/VfF1a0stIjI/AAAAAAAAAO4/z9VNHs0icsE/s400/KHMD2.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b>Source</b>: <a href="http://bit.ly/1UEcxCF">http://bit.ly/1UEcxCF</a><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">There is an ITO (Indium Tin Oxide) conducting layer which is
horizontally lined with electrodes and has electricity flowing through it. There
is another ITO conducting layer beneath. This is vertically lined with sensing
wires that monitors the flow of electric current in the first ITO layer.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The wires of these two ITO layer are now perpendicular to
one another. These layers are separated only by a thin optical adhesive that
helps them remain together intact.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">So essentially when we touch the screen of the device with
our finger, the electric field is distorted or altered from the first ITO
conducting layer due to the conductivity of our finger. This alteration is
sensed by the second ITO layer and then the point on the screen that our finger
has touched, is identified. Accordingly the device performs its function.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">So now the answer to our question is almost
self-explanatory. Human nails are a poor conductor of electricity and iPads use
capacitive touchscreen technology. So by nature, the nails do not alter the
electric field, and so the iPad does not sense it!<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">I hope this article helps you understand how your tablet or phone
responds to your touch!<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Some of the references I have provided below can help you understand more about this subject. If you find anything interesting in the field and would like to share it, please post a comment.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">References:</span><br />
<br />
1. <a href="http://scienceline.org/2012/01/okay-but-how-do-touch-screens-actually-work/">http://scienceline.org/2012/01/okay-but-how-do-touch-screens-actually-work/</a><br />
2. <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SzLoWDkBKXk">https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SzLoWDkBKXk</a><br />
3. <a href="http://capacitive-resistive-touchscreens.articles.r-tt.com/">http://capacitive-resistive-touchscreens.articles.r-tt.com/</a><br />
<br /></div>
</div>
</div>
Raghav Madhukarhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04333634017314592329noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4944549465747217049.post-48972516297309798582015-09-11T00:14:00.000+05:302015-11-25T08:34:49.407+05:30International Linguistics Olympiad<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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Have you heard about the International Linguistics Olympiad
(IOL)? If not, you’re not alone. A lot of students haven’t heard about this Olympiad,
and that’s a pity — they’re missing out on an exciting opportunity.<o:p></o:p></div>
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Most people have heard about the International Olympiads in
Physics, Chemistry and even <a href="http://www.iarcs.org.in/inoi/index.php">Informatics</a>
(a.k.a. Programming). These are some of the the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Science_Olympiad">“International
Science Olympiads”</a>, and are recognized by colleges and teachers across the
globe as the penultimate academic high school competitions. If you win a medal
in one of these competitions, you’re considered the cream — the very highest
outstanding achievement you could get. <o:p></o:p></div>
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[By the way, the olympiads that you write in school — NCO,
NSO, IMO and IEO — are not truly international olympiads. They are actually
competitive exams that are mostly restricted to India.]<o:p></o:p></div>
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The Linguistics Olympiad is one of the “International
Science Olympiads”. Over 30 countries from across the globe send teams of their
brightest high school students to solve challenging puzzles in Linguistics. <o:p></o:p><br />
<br />
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I’ve been to the Linguistics Olympiad. I went to Bulgaria in
July 2015 as part of Team India. I forged new friendships, experienced new cultures,
won an Honorable Mention and generally had a great time.<o:p></o:p></div>
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When I tell people about my experience, the first question I’m
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Name="Body Text Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Message Header"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Salutation"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Date"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text First Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text First Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Block Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Hyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="FollowedHyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Document Map"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Plain Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="E-mail Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Top of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Bottom of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal (Web)"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Acronym"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Address"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Cite"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Code"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Definition"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Keyboard"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Preformatted"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Sample"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Typewriter"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Variable"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal Table"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="annotation subject"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="No List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Contemporary"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Elegant"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Professional"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Balloon Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Theme"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Level 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Level 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Level 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Level 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Level 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Level 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Level 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Level 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Level 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" QFormat="true"
Name="List Paragraph"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="41" Name="Plain Table 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="42" Name="Plain Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="43" Name="Plain Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="44" Name="Plain Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="45" Name="Plain Table 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="40" Name="Grid Table Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="Grid Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="List Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="List Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="List Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 2"/>
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<!--StartFragment-->
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">That’s
the thing:</span> </span>You don’t need to know multiple
languages. <b><u><span style="font-size: large;"><i>ALL YOU NEED IS <span style="color: #990000;">LOGIC</span>!</i></span></u></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
That’s right. If you liked the logic puzzles posted on the
Google+ site, then you’ll definitely enjoy solving Linguistics puzzles.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Here’s a sample.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
And don’t be lazy. Spend some time on this and give it a
try! (In fact, if you can, print this image out. At the very least, grab some
rough sheets and write down your thoughts!)<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-s3Imdv2Z_zc/VfDL4fvlkQI/AAAAAAAABKI/Q5oqqYKZEas/s1600/Swahili%2B-%2BLinguistics%2BSample%2BProblem.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="340" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-s3Imdv2Z_zc/VfDL4fvlkQI/AAAAAAAABKI/Q5oqqYKZEas/s640/Swahili%2B-%2BLinguistics%2BSample%2BProblem.png" width="550" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Click the image to enlarge.</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span id="goog_1196800515"></span><span id="goog_1196800516"></span><br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<div class="MsoNormal">
First off: Most of you don’t know Swahili. And that’s the
point — no one’s supposed to be at an advantage here.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Let’s look at this problem analytically. If you haven’t
printed it out, <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u>make sure you keep
looking back at the question while reading my answer</u></b>. You won’t understand
it otherwise! </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
</div>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li><span style="text-indent: -0.25in;">“</span><i style="text-indent: -0.25in;">tarehe</i><span style="text-indent: -0.25in;">”</span><span style="text-indent: -0.25in;">
is repeating in every single Swahili date. It probably means “<i>date</i>” in English.</span></li>
<br />
<li><span style="text-indent: -0.25in;">“<i>Disemba</i>”, “<i>Oktoba</i>” and “<i>Aprili</i>” sound
suspiciously like English months. In this case, they definitely are. You can
check by counting the number of times each Swahili month appears, and comparing
that with the number of times each English month appear.</span></li>
<br />
<li><span style="text-indent: -0.25in;">Look at the English dates (B) and (D). They’re
exactly the same, except for the number (2</span><sup style="text-indent: -0.25in;">nd</sup><span style="text-indent: -0.25in;"> and 4</span><sup style="text-indent: -0.25in;">th</sup><span style="text-indent: -0.25in;">).
The two Swahili translations should also be exactly identical except for those
two numbers. Look at Swahili dates (3) and (5). They are identical except for
the second words (“<i>pili</i>” and “<i>nne</i>”). Now we know that “<i>Jumanne</i>” means “<i>Tuesday</i>”.
We also now know that the format for writing Swahili dates is:</span></li>
</ul>
<span style="text-indent: -0.25in;"></span><br />
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="text-indent: -0.25in;">“<i>tarehe</i>” <number> <month>
<day></span></span></div>
<span style="text-indent: -0.25in;">
</span>
<br />
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<br />
<li><span style="text-indent: -0.25in;">With this new information, compare (1) and (F). “<i>tatu</i>”
is the number ‘<i>3</i>’. Make a list of all the Swahili number names, and try to find
other correspondences. </span><span style="text-indent: -0.25in;">For instance, from (2), (4), (6) and (A), (C), (E), you can translate “<i>tano</i>” as
the number ‘<i>5</i>’.</span></li>
<br />
<li><span style="text-indent: -0.25in;">Did you notice that the day names in Swahili
also appear to have the names for numbers? “<i>Juma</i></span><span style="text-indent: -0.25in;"><b><u><i>tatu</i></u></b></span><span style="text-indent: -0.25in;">”, “<i>Juma</i></span><b style="text-indent: -0.25in;"><u><i>tano</i></u></b><span style="text-indent: -0.25in;">”, “<i>Juma</i></span><b style="text-indent: -0.25in;"><u><i>pili</i></u></b><span style="text-indent: -0.25in;">”, “<i>Juma</i></span><b style="text-indent: -0.25in;"><u><i>nne</i></u></b><span style="text-indent: -0.25in;">”.</span><br /><span style="text-indent: -0.25in;">We can guess that in Swahili, the days of the week are numbered (Day 1, Day 2… etc).</span></li>
<br />
<li><span style="text-indent: -0.25in;">We know “<i>tatu</i>” means ‘<i>3</i>’. That means “<i>Jumatatu</i>”
is “<i>Day 3</i>”. Look at sentence (4). “<i>Day 3</i>” could be either “<i>Monday</i>”, “<i>Wednesday</i>”
or “<i>Sunday</i>”. (Those are the days in the English dates containing “<i>October</i>”.)</span><br /><span style="text-indent: -0.25in;">Let’s assume that “<i>Day 3</i>” in (4) is “<i>Wednesday</i>”. Then, from sentence (6), “<i>Jumatano</i>” means “<i>Day 5</i>”, which should be “<i>Friday</i>”. However, none of (A), (C) and (E)
contain the day “<i>Friday</i>”. That means the assumption is wrong.</span><br /><span style="text-indent: -0.25in;">Try assuming “<i>Sunday</i>” as “<i>Day 3</i>”. Can you find out where this assumption goes
wrong?</span><br /><span style="text-indent: -0.25in;">Now try assuming “<i>Monday</i>” as “<i>Day 3</i>”. Does it work?</span></li>
<br />
<li><span style="font-family: "symbol"; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span><span style="text-indent: -0.25in;">If “<i>Day 3</i>” is “<i>Monday</i>”, then “<i>Day 1</i>” is “<i>Saturday</i>”.
This means that the Swahili week begins on Saturday. (In contrast, we generally
think of Sunday as the beginning of the week.)</span></li>
<br />
<li><span style="text-indent: -0.25in;">From the translations of days and numbers you
can work out all the other translations, match the dates, and complete the
question.</span></li>
</ul>
<br />
To be fair, these problems aren’t exactly easy to solve.
This problem, for example, would take anywhere between 10 minutes and an hour
to solve.<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
However, no one said an International Olympiad was going to
be easy. The actual IOL consists of 5 questions to be solved in 6 hours. Yes, <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u>6 hours</u></b>.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Interested in giving it a try? I strongly recommend that you
do. To get selected, here’s what you have to do.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
</div>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li><span style="text-indent: -0.25in;">Write the </span><b style="text-indent: -0.25in;"><a href="http://plo-in.org/" target="_blank">Panini Linguistics Olympiad</a></b><span style="text-indent: -0.25in;">. It’s the national round of the Olympiad.</span></li>
<li><span style="text-indent: -0.25in;">Be one of the 30 or so students from all over the
country selected from that exam to attend a Training Camp. It’s sponsored by
Microsoft and Xerox!</span></li>
<li><span style="text-indent: -0.25in;">Be one of the top 8 (or 12) students in the
camp!</span></li>
</ul>
For information about the IOL and past contests, visit: <a href="http://ioling.org/">http://ioling.org/</a><br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The only way to get better at this is with some practice. If you’d like to solve some more questions on your own,
start here: <a href="https://sites.google.com/site/paninilinguisticsolympiad/Resources/the-panini-junior-linguistics-olympiad">https://sites.google.com/site/paninilinguisticsolympiad/Resources/the-panini-junior-linguistics-olympiad</a><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Then go here: <a href="https://sites.google.com/site/paninilinguisticsolympiad/Resources/the-panini-senior-linguistics-olympiad">https://sites.google.com/site/paninilinguisticsolympiad/Resources/the-panini-senior-linguistics-olympiad</a><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Do you dare to try some of the most challenging Linguistics
puzzles ever designed? Choose from the past IOL problems over here: <a href="http://www.ioling.org/problems/">http://www.ioling.org/problems/</a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
If you ever have any questions, or would like me to explain
how to go about solving some question, feel free to email me, or post on
Google+. I’ll make sure that all my answers are made available to everyone.</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></div>
<span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 12pt;">Finally,
whether you plan to pursue this Olympiad or not, <b><u>don’t keep this post to yourself</u></b>. At the very least, let your
friends know that something called the “Linguistics Olympiad” really exists,
and send them the link to this blog post.</span><br />
<br />
<o:p></o:p></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<!--EndFragment--></div>
Sesh Sadasivamhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08646482522255115006noreply@blogger.com12tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4944549465747217049.post-19907242713745082782015-05-21T18:41:00.000+05:302015-05-21T18:49:59.187+05:30Nanotechnology: An Introduction<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-K7wg06xHgzI/VV3bXCt5h3I/AAAAAAAABWs/ejEMR9zMAKE/s1600/download.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-K7wg06xHgzI/VV3bXCt5h3I/AAAAAAAABWs/ejEMR9zMAKE/s1600/download.jpg" /></a></div>
<br />
Nanotechnology! Nowadays, almost any student claims to have an interest in becoming a scientist, working in laboratories, playing with atoms, fiddling with molecules, and on and on. Well, let me tell you one thing. If you fall in that 'almost any kid' category, then you might just end up finding nanotechnology exciting.<br />
<br />
Nowadays in nanotechnology, things that were only “dreamt of”, are turning into a reality. But before we delve into the science of nanotechnology, let me point to you some exciting ways in which nanotechnology is being used today.
<br />
<br />
Have you ever “dreamt of” an invisibility cloak? Well if you have, then I suggest you stop dreaming because now invisibility cloaks have become a reality.
<br />
<br />
One other recent cutting edge invention is the “Ultra Ever Dry” product. And what this does, is that it does not allow any liquid irrespective of its viscosity to stain a substance on which the product has been sprayed on. The “Ultra Ever Dry” coating, creates a thin barrier of air at the nano scale, which prevents the coated substance from getting wet or dirty. And to see this mind-boggling product in action, you can take a look at:<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<iframe allowfullscreen="" class="YOUTUBE-iframe-video" data-thumbnail-src="https://i.ytimg.com/vi/IPM8OR6W6WE/0.jpg" frameborder="0" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/IPM8OR6W6WE?feature=player_embedded" width="560"></iframe></div>
<br />
<br />
Apart from this, there is also some interesting work going on in the field of medicine involving nanotechnology, where medical researchers are on the verge of creating an almost harmless cancer therapy which could possibly become a substitute to the standard chemotherapy.
<br />
<br />
There has been a quantum leap in the development of nanotechnology in the last five years. And from here, things only get better.
<br />
<br />
So let's get started with nanotechnology.
<br />
<br />
<b>What is nanotechnology?</b>
<br />
<br />
At a very high level, I would take nanotechnology as the science, engineering and technology practiced at the atomic or molecular level.
<br />
<br />
But going slightly deeper, it is a branch of science, which involves the manipulation of at least one dimension of a substance within the nano scale range of 1 to 100 nanometers (1 nanometer = 10<sup>-9</sup> meters).
<br />
<br />
<b>What is unique about nanotechnology?</b>
<br />
<br />
There are many things that are unique to nanotechnology, though I feel the truly convincing answer to this, lies in the unusual behavioral-changes of substances at the nano scale.
<br />
<br />
What I mean by this is that substances show rather abnormal properties at the nano scale, which violate the norms of the Physics that we know so well as Classical Physics. We will understand and discuss this in greater detail a bit later.
<br />
<br />
<b>Interesting concepts in nanotechnology</b>
<br />
<br />
With this much of a background, I think we all are quite ready to take a look at some of the interesting concepts of nanotechnology!
<br />
<br />
Two main concepts are:<br />
• Simple to Complex<br />
• Larger to Smaller
<br />
<br />
<i>Simple to Complex--</i>
<br />
<br />
One of the most mind blowing concepts in which extensive research is being carried out is the ‘Simple to Complex’ also known as the ‘bottom-up approach’ concept. This concept involves molecular self assembly. In other words, scientists are trying to make molecules automatically arrange themselves into a desirable system.
<br />
<br />
Some of the fields where this is trying to be developed, is in the field of synthetic chemistry where scientists are trying to achieve self assembly of molecules into substances such as polymers, micro-computing where scientists are almost at the brink of having self assembled microcomputers and biology where substances like enzymes have already been self created!
<br />
<br />
Two main advantages of developing this Simple to Complex concept are:<br />
• Production will become faster and more efficient.<br />
• Both the purchasers as well as manufacturers will incur less cost.
<br />
<br />
<i>Larger to Smaller--</i>
<br />
<br />
As we had discussed earlier, the physical properties of substances begin to be different as the size of these substances start to enter the nano scale. These include differences in mechanical, thermal, electronic and catalytic properties of the substances. These changes, which occur in substances as their sizes are brought down from the macroscopic to the nano scale, constitute the major part of the ‘Larger to Smaller’ concept.
<br />
<br />
Some examples to give you a flavour of these ‘abnormal phenomena’, which occur among substances at the nano scale are:<br />
• Plastic at the nano scale conducts electricity, <br />
• Gold particles begin to appear red and purple,<br />
• Particles of certain substances turn spontaneously from solid to liquid,<br />
• Copper turns transparent,<br />
• Platinum and Gold become catalysts, and so much more.
<br />
<br />
<b>Why do substances begin to show these aberrant properties?</b>
<br />
<br />
This can be explained by the drastic increase in the surface area to volume ratio, which exists at the nano scale.
For example let us take a cube of side 8 units, which we will reduce thrice consecutively to an edge length of 6, 4 and then 2 units, and then observe the surface area to volume ratio. Then—
<br />
<br />
<table border="1">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td><b>Edge length</b></td>
<td><b>Surface Area</b></td>
<td><b>Volume</b></td>
<td><b>S.A. to V ratio</b></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>8 units</td>
<td>384 units<sup>2</sup></td>
<td>512 units<sup>3</sup></td>
<td>3/4 = 0.75 units<sup>-1</sup></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>6 units</td>
<td>216 units<sup>2</sup></td>
<td>216 units<sup>3</sup></td>
<td>3/3 = 1 units<sup>-1</sup></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>4 units</td>
<td>96 units<sup>2</sup></td>
<td>64 units<sup>3</sup></td>
<td>3/2 = 1.5 units<sup>-1</sup></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>2 units</td>
<td>24 units<sup>2</sup></td>
<td>8 units<sup>3</sup></td>
<td>3/1 = 3 units<sup>-1</sup></td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
Now we can clearly see, that by reducing the dimensions of the cube, the surface area to volume ratio is increasing. This is also the case with any other three dimensional object. May it be a sphere, cylinder or cone. But, the more relevant question is how does the surface area to volume ratio cause an alteration in the behaviour of particles at the nano scale?
<br />
<br />
To understand this, let us continue with the example of a cube. If we take two identical sugar cubes of side = 10 units, and divide one of them into a 1000 equal blocks of 1 unit<sup>3</sup> each, and leave the other one untouched, then the volume of the uncut and cut sugar cubes will remain the same. But, the surface area of the cut cube will be clearly larger than the surface area of the uncut cube. Now, if we were to dissolve both the cut and uncut sugar cubes, then the cut cubes will definitely dissolve quicker, as they share a greater contact area with the water as compared to the uncut cube.
<br />
<br />
It is this same kind of change that takes place in nanoparticles too, but the changes are much more drastic as the surface area to volume ratio in nanoparticles is much larger. Just for example’s sake, let us take a cube of side = 10<sup>-9</sup>metres or 1 nanometer.
Then—
<br />
<br />
Surface Area = (10<sup>-9</sup>)<sup>2</sup> x 6<br />
=> (6 x 10<sup>-18</sup>)nm<sup>2</sup><br />
<br />
Volume = (10<sup>-9</sup>)<sup>3</sup><br />
=> 10<sup>-27</sup>nm<sup>3</sup><br />
<br />
Therefore the surface area to volume ratio = 6 x (10<sup>(-18)</sup>/10<sup>(-27)</sup>)<br />
=> 6 x 10<sup>(-18+27)</sup><br />
=> 6 x 10<sup>9</sup><br />
=> 6,000,000,000 or Six billion nm<sup>-1</sup>!<br />
<br />
And it is this huge surface to volume ratio, which causes abnormal properties in nanoparticles.
<br />
<br />
All of this is just the beginning of our understanding of the fast evolving field of nanotechnology. Some of the references I have provided below can help you understand more about this exciting field. If you have found anything interesting in the space and would like to share it, post a comment!
<br />
<br />
<b>References:</b><br />
1. <a href="http://www.nano.gov/nanotech-101/what/definition">http://www.nano.gov/nanotech-101/what/definition</a><br />
2. <a href="http://science.howstuffworks.com/nanotechnology.htm">http://science.howstuffworks.com/nanotechnology.htm</a><br />
3. <a href="http://www.livescience.com/33816-quantum-mechanics-explanation.html">http://www.livescience.com/33816-quantum-mechanics- explanation.html</a><br />
4. <a href="http://www.gizmag.com/invisibility-cloak-hides-macroscopic-objects/37542/">http://www.gizmag.com/invisibility-cloak-hides-macroscopic-objects/37542/</a><br />
5. <a href="http://www.nano.gov/nanotech-101/special">http://www.nano.gov/nanotech-101/special</a>
<br />
<br /></div>
Raghav Madhukarhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04333634017314592329noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4944549465747217049.post-38250049653492602972015-05-12T22:37:00.001+05:302015-05-13T00:24:45.515+05:30Coding Contests: Everything you need to know<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">
What in the world is a Coding Contest??</span></h3>
<div>
It's a contest where you write code.</div>
<div>
Okay, it's a contest where you're given a question, then you type your code and send it to the organizers. Then, your program is tested with different input to make sure you got it right.<br />
<br /></div>
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">
What do you mean by "tested"?</span></h3>
<div>
The contest organizers have their own programs called <i>graders</i>, which run your program multiple times with different inputs. If the output of your program matches the correct answer in <i>all</i> cases, your program is correct!<br />
<br /></div>
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">
But I thought a human tests my program. I even gave helpful output hints for the user like "Enter the number here: "!</span></h3>
<div style="text-align: left;">
Nope, humans usually don't test the code. In fact, if you display those "helpful output hints for the user", your program is wrong. <b><span style="color: #990000;">Your program's output should match the answer exactly.</span></b><br />
<b><span style="color: #990000;"><br /></span></b>
<br />
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">
How do I know what my output should look like?</span></h3>
<div>
Read the question again. Usually, everything you need is specified in the question.</div>
<div>
For example, look at SRS 008.</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-n-WQXVwHEy0/VVIWz0a0_EI/AAAAAAAAA6o/KEeZ18A3zO8/s1600/Screen%2BShot%2B2015-05-12%2Bat%2B8.34.34%2Bpm.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="SRS 008" border="0" height="393" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-n-WQXVwHEy0/VVIWz0a0_EI/AAAAAAAAA6o/KEeZ18A3zO8/s400/Screen%2BShot%2B2015-05-12%2Bat%2B8.34.34%2Bpm.png" title="SRS 008" width="400" /></a></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
The questions specifies both how the input will be typed, and how the output should look.</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
If the answer is 2 and 4, like in the Sample Output, <b>display only that</b>. If there's anything else in the output, <i>that answer is wrong</i>.</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
Your program is being graded by a computer. You don't need to be nice to them! If you still want to include extra comments in your output, be prepared for a "WRONG ANSWER" comment from the grader.</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<h3 style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Fine, I got the idea. But how do I take the input? Should I accept the input before anything else in the program is done?</span></h3>
<div>
No, you don't have to. <b>The graders separate your input and output into two separate "streams"</b>. All the output is collected in one 'file', and the input is from another 'file'.</div>
<div>
You can collect the necessary input from anywhere in the program. But you need to accept it in the right order, exactly as it is specified in the question.</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
Think of it this way. After you send me your code for SRS 008, I first compile it and get an executable. I have some input in <i>input.txt</i>, which I feed into your program. </div>
<div>
<i><br /></i></div>
<div>
<i>input.txt</i> looks like this:</div>
<div>
5</div>
<br />
I specify that whatever your program displays is saved into a file called <i>output.txt</i>. Then I run your program.<br />
<br />
I compare your output from <i>output.txt</i> to the answer output in <i>answer.txt</i>. If they match exactly, then your program worked properly.<br />
<br />
<b><span style="color: #990000;">You don't actually need to worry about any of this.</span></b> Contest graders automatically take this into consideration. You can continue to use <span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace;">cin, cout, print, display</span> and any other commands you usually use.<br />
<br />
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Cool. Can I get started now?</span></h3>
<div>
Well, you also need to know about test cases, constraints and time-limits.</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">[*Sigh*] What are test cases?</span></h3>
<div>
The graders test your program with different input. This is to make sure that your program works for <i>every single</i> type of input.</div>
<div>
For example, the grader for SRS 008 would test your code with different input numbers, just to make sure that you didn't cheat and make the program display the same output every time. Graders also use multiple input to check if you took care of the <i>constraints</i>.</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">This is annoying. What are constraints?</span></h3>
<div>
The range of the input. For example:</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-pcwiTeBjB9c/VVIem6DA0rI/AAAAAAAAA64/uY3JxbEuifE/s1600/Screen%2BShot%2B2015-05-12%2Bat%2B9.08.36%2Bpm.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Sample Question" border="0" height="280" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-pcwiTeBjB9c/VVIem6DA0rI/AAAAAAAAA64/uY3JxbEuifE/s400/Screen%2BShot%2B2015-05-12%2Bat%2B9.08.36%2Bpm.png" title="Sample Question" width="400" /></a></div>
<div>
When you submit your code, the grader will test your program for different values of A and B. You know the ranges of the two numbers. You shouldn't have made B an "<i>unsigned int</i>" because it needs to hold negative numbers too. Also, you need to make sure that you use a large enough data-type to accommodate large values of B.</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
In some problems, where the constraints are extremely large, the contest questions might try to make your life more difficult by adding time-limits...</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Come on! What are time-limits?</span></h3>
<div>
Calm down! Time-limits just tell you how long your program has to give the right answer. Don't bother too much about this to begin with.</div>
<div>
If you ever get a grader error saying "TIME LIMIT EXCEEDED", then your algorithm (the way you solved the problem) was too slow. You'll have to find a way to reduce the number of loops, and <i>optimize your algorithm</i>.</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
But for now, don't worry too much about it.</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Okay, got it. Are we done now?</span></h3>
<div>
Yes, we're done.</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Finally! Now I'm going to try out SRS 008.</span></h3>
<div>
Great! Message me if you have any questions.</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<br /></div>
</div>
</div>
Sesh Sadasivamhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08646482522255115006noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4944549465747217049.post-38714547793057679092015-05-01T18:33:00.000+05:302015-05-01T18:33:37.567+05:30Algorithims:The Basics <div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
Hello people of the internet !! Today You're going to learn a little (if not anything) about algorithms.<br />
So let's start from the basics.....<br />
<br />
What exactly is an Algorithm ? <br />
<br />
Well Informally it is a computational procedure that takes in a few inputs and throws out another set of outputs. It's basically a bunch of steps that a computer does, which takes in some input data and transforms it into output data.<br />
<br />
Algorithms can also be considered a tool for solving a well-specified computational problem. The statement of the problem specifies in general terms the desired Input/Output (I/O) relationship. An algorithm defines a certain procedure for achieving the I/O relationship expected. <br />
<br />
For example let's consider the age old <b>Sorting Problem.</b><br />
Basically the input is a bunch of numbers given in a random order, and the job of the Algorithm is to SORT these numbers into either ascending or descending order.<br />
<br />
In this case what the problem is giving us as inputs is just a random bunch of numbers and asks the Algorithm to weave it's magic and spew these numbers out in a proper ascending or descending order.<br />
This of course is on the simpler side of this topic but there are many famous implementations of Algorithms. <br />
<br />
But why are Algorithms used ?<br />
<br />
When we are developing applications,What technologies do we normally prioritize over others ?<br />
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li> Devs prioritize GUIs and focus on it's components </li>
<li> Manufacturers focus on better fabrication technologies </li>
<li>Some programmers might even focus on implementing Object-Oriented Systems in their Software life cycle </li>
</ul>
These technologies are really important for the successful development of an application.<br />
<br />
So why implement Algorithms in the first place?<br />
<br />
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li>The main reason algorithms are prioritized is because they themselves are (explicitly or not), required by applications for certain features. For example a travel web based service will require loads of hardware, refined GUIs and so on....</li>
</ul>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li>But they would also require certain features such as finding the shortest routes, sorting based on user reviews and other criteria. These are best implemented by using standard algorithms (or something better if you can think of something.)</li>
</ul>
Not only on an application level are they important, Algorithms are also used to design the hardware required, the working of the GUI itself uses algorithms. In fact even the processing of the code itself by the compiler, interpreter or the assembler requires algorithms.<br />
<br />
With the ever increasing capacities of computers, we now have to solve larger problems than ever before, It helps to get the job done quicker and more efficiently and algorithms work much better than just plain brute force methods<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
let's go over Sort algorithms<br />
<br />
Again these algorithms take input data and returns them in a numerically ascending order or Alphabetical order. For simplicity's sake we will look over numerical examples only <br />
<br />
There are many sorting algorithms.Each algorithm is fundamentally different from each other by the way they work. Normally an algorithm is chosen depending on the given data as some algorithms are better for a certain organization of data than others.(this will be explained later)<br />
<br />
Three commonly used sorting algorithms are<br />
<br />
1)Merge Sort<br />
<br />
2)Quick Sort<br />
<br />
3)Bubble Sort <br />
<br />
<br />
<b>Merge Sort:</b><br />
<h4 style="text-align: left;">
<a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Merge-sort-example-300px.gif" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Merge-sort-example-300px.gif" data-file-height="180" data-file-width="300" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cc/Merge-sort-example-300px.gif" height="240" width="400" /></a> </h4>
<h4 style="text-align: left;">
Conceptually, a merge sort works as follows:</h4>
<ol>
<li><span style="font-size: small;">Divide the unsorted list into <i>n</i> sublists, each containing 1 element (a list of 1 element is considered sorted).</span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: small;">Repeatedly merge sublists to produce new sorted sublists until there is only 1 sublist remaining. This will be the sorted list.</span></li>
</ol>
<br />
<h4 style="text-align: left;">
Quick Sort:</h4>
<h4 style="text-align: left;">
<a href="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9c/Quicksort-example.gif" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9c/Quicksort-example.gif" border="0" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9c/Quicksort-example.gif" height="240" width="400" /></a> </h4>
<h4 style="text-align: left;">
Conceptually, a Quick sort works as follows:</h4>
<ol><a href="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9c/Quicksort-example.gif" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"></a>
<li><span style="font-size: small;">Pick an element, called a <b>pivot</b>, from the array.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: small;">Reorder the array so that all elements with values less than the
pivot come before the pivot, while all elements with values greater than
the pivot come after it (equal values can go either way). After this
partitioning, the pivot is in its final position. This is called the <b>partition</b> operation. </span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: small;">Recursively
apply the above steps to the sub-array of elements with smaller values
and separately to the sub-array of elements with greater values.</span></li>
</ol>
<br />
<h4 style="text-align: left;">
Bubble Sort:</h4>
<br />
<a href="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/06/Bubble-sort.gif" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/06/Bubble-sort.gif" border="0" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/06/Bubble-sort.gif" height="240" width="400" /></a><br />
<br />
<h4 style="text-align: left;">
Conceptually, a bubble sort works as follows:</h4>
<br />
<ol style="text-align: left;">
<li> Take the first 2 elements and sort them</li>
<li>Then take the 2nd and 3rd elements and sort them</li>
<li>Repeat these steps until the end of the elements are reached</li>
<li>Repeat the following steps until the elements are fully sorted</li>
</ol>
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
So these algorithms are basically doing the same thing but in different ways. But one thing that differentiates between algorithms is the efficiency of the algorithm<br />
<br />
So how do we determine the efficiency of an algorithm ? This is called the analysis of run time complexity (the words are just fancy, the concept is simple)<br />
<br />
We normally consider 3 main representations of Time taken by the Algorithm to Sort in this case<br />
<br />
1)Big Ω(Omega) notation(in terms of computer science) -This shows the least amount of time taken by an algorithm to complete. For example the Big Ω notation of quick sort will be "c<i>n</i> log <i>n"</i> where "n" is the number of elements . This means that the least amount of steps taken by quick sort (most of the the time an already sorted bunch of elements) would be product of the number of elements and the log (base 2) of it and then this is multiplied time the time taken to perform each step 'c'.<br />
<br />
2)Big Θ(Theta) notation - This shows the Maximum time taken by an algorithm (in the case of Sorting ones this is normally when the elements are in reverse order). Normally this is the best notation to design algorithms because this also shows that the algorithm is always gonna work in the given time frame and we can more or less decide how fast the algorithm is based on this. For example in quick sort the Big Θ is " c<i>n</i><sup>2" </sup> meaning that the time taken will be the time taken for each step times the number of elements squared.<br />
<br />
3)Big O(Oh...) notation-This shows the Average time taken by an algorithm. This is the most common notation used and is considered the standard of viewing algorithms as it gives the viewer a basic idea of how the algorithm works on a normal case. This can also show the the best and worst case but this is beyond the scope of this article. Again in the case of quick sort the big O is "c<i>n</i> log <i>n" </i>(it's called quick sort for a reason. It is considered the most efficient because the average case is the best case).<br />
<br />
<a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sorting_stability_playing_cards.svg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" data-file-height="626" data-file-width="379" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Sorting_stability_playing_cards.svg/220px-Sorting_stability_playing_cards.svg.png" height="363" width="220" /></a>As I have mentioned earlier quick sort is the most efficient algorithm for most cases. The reason there are none quicker is because these algorithms are considered to be "stable". The whole process of checking whether an algorithm is stable is a tedious one. But It's a simple mechanic to explain.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
So let's just say we are sorting a bunch of cards. Normally if we are taking just the numbers in mind, both the given arrangements are considered to be sorted but if we are also considering the suits also. We must consider that in this case the 5 of hearts must come before the 5 of spades and thus this case of sorting will be considered a 'stable' sort. This sort of sorting takes relatively longer time but gives this desired result and retains other properties also.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Insertion-sort-example-300px.gif" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" data-file-height="180" data-file-width="300" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0f/Insertion-sort-example-300px.gif" height="180" width="300" /></a>The above algorithms were only explained conceptually. Now I want to take it one step further and explain how algorithms are normally expressed by computer scientists. Pseudocode is a high level informal description of the algorithm following basic programming language conventions.<br />
<br />
<br />
Here's the pseudocode for insertion sort:<br />
<br />
<pre><span style="font-size: small;"> <b>for</b> i = 1 <b>to</b> length(A) - 1
x = A[i]
j = i
<b>while</b> j > 0 and A[j-1] > x
A[j] = A[j-1]
j = j - 1
<b>end while</b>
A[j] = x
<b>end for</b></span> </pre>
<pre></pre>
This time instead of conceptually explaining The Sort,I will go through the pseudocode line by line <br />
<br />
<pre><span style="font-size: small;"><b>for</b> i = 1 <b>to</b> length(A) - 1</span></pre>
<pre><span style="font-size: small;"> </span></pre>
This statement states the starting of a loop which repeats the below statements as many times as the number of elements in the array (the below steps are done to all the elements in the array)<br />
<br />
x = A[i]<br />
j = i<br />
<br />
This statement gives a variable X the value of the the ith term (the current index) and another variable j the value of i for the conditional loop later <br />
<br />
while j > 0 and A[j-1] > x<br />
A[j] = A[j-1]<br />
j = j - 1<br />
end while<br />
A[j] = x<br />
end for <br />
<br />
Here's where most of the fun happens. so here basically it takes an element and checks whether it's bigger that it's previous element and the element before that and so on until the first element. And in each iteration switches it the position of the present element with the previous element (if the value is greater).<br />
<br />
And then again the whole process repeats with the next number on the array as the index value <br />
<br />
<br />
This marks the end of the article and hopefully you have leaned a little bit about algorithms.If anybody has any doubts or want to know more can surely IM me on my G+ account given below<br />
<br />
<br />
References:<br />
1)<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sorting_algorithm">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sorting_algorithm</a><br />
2)<a href="http://www.sorting-algorithms.com/">http://www.sorting-algorithms.com/</a><br />
3)<a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SJwEwA5gOkM">https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SJwEwA5gOkM</a><br />
4)Introduction to Algorithms-3rd Edition <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Attributions<br />
<br />
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li>"Insertion-sort-example-300px" by Swfung8 - Own work. Licensed under CC BY-SA 3.0 via Wikimedia Commons - http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Insertion-sort-example-300px.gif#/media/File:Insertion-sort-example-300px.gif </li>
<li>"Sorting stability playing cards" by User:Dcoetzee, User:WDGraham - Own work, based on File:Cards-2-Heart.svg, File:Cards-7-Spade.svg, File:Cards-5-Spade.svg, File:Cards-5-Heart.svg. Licensed under CC0 via Wikimedia Commons - http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Sorting_stability_playing_cards.svg#/media/File:Sorting_stability_playing_cards.svg </li>
<li>"Bubble-sort-example-300px" by Swfung8 - Own work. Licensed under CC BY-SA 3.0 via Wikimedia Commons - http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Bubble-sort-example-300px.gif#/media/File:Bubble-sort-example-300px.gif</li>
<li>"Quick-sort-example-300px" by Swfung8 - Own work. Licensed under CC
BY-SA 3.0 via Wikimedia Commons -
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Bubble-sort-example-300px.gif#/media/File:Bubble-sort-example-300px.gif</li>
<li>"Merge-sort-example-300px" by Swfung8 - Own work. Licensed under CC
BY-SA 3.0 via Wikimedia Commons -
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Bubble-sort-example-300px.gif#/media/File:Bubble-sort-example-300px.gif </li>
</ul>
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br /></div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10681818219855071273noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4944549465747217049.post-16894264342160498812015-04-15T12:27:00.000+05:302015-04-15T20:02:35.793+05:30Programming for Physics Simulations – How is it Done ?<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br />
A lot of people even those who have experience in
programming have very wrong ideas about how programs work. Moreover the common
notion among the general public is that software development only requires
knowledge and experience in programming, however its actually quite the
contrary. Software development can have very high level of specialization
unlike many other fields including medical, for instance one experienced cardiologist
can do the same another cardiologist can. How two highly experienced web
developers may not be able to do what the other can. What people don’t understand
is programming on its own is just a tool and nearly worthless on its own. Its
like maths, whats the use of maths? No use. But apply math in physics, chem,
astronomy …… then suddenly it becomes very useful. That’s how programming is
too , People often specialize in different fields like maths, physics and architecture. Like for example if a developer needs to develop a CAD program , he or she would need to have a good knowledge of architecture to effectively develop a suitable product, therefore they would need to specialize in architecture too.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<o:p></o:p><br />
So here in this post I intend to instill some ideas into the
minds of new developers. To do this I will explain how to simulate a basic
physics concept used in cut the rope from scratch through C++ code. I will keep it as simple as
possible. However one needs basic knowledge of trigonometry to follow. Please note
that all the programs embedded on this post is either HTML5 or flash, however I
will be discussing from C++ point of view.<o:p></o:p></div>
<br />
<embed src="http://satu0king.site50.net/gravity%202.swf" style="height: 100%; width: 100%;" type="application/x-shockwave-flash"></embed>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br />
This is what we are gonna make using C++, Its pretty basic
right ? Yeah it is. But even this is not very easy as people might feel, Many
people will be thinking oh whats the big deal, you pull it, it follows ,
whats so hard? Indeed you pull it, it follows but nothing on a computer ever
happens on its own, Someone should take care of the physics through code. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br />
Ok so how do I <b>think</b> the right way ? <o:p></o:p><br />
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The right way to think is not to think in terms of code but
in terms of logic, Imagine this as a physics situation, there are 2 balls,
separated by a distance and an elastic rope joined between them, larger the distance, faster the ball moves.
However even if the rope becomes slack, due to inertia the ball continues to
be in motion. So inertia has to be also considered. Gravity needs to be
considered to make the thing realistic. Finally the fact that we are working in
a 2D space has to be kept in mind. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
On further analysis, You might feel that there is a need
for friction / resistance between the balls, or they would never
stop moving <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br />
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
Physics solution : </h3>
<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
This is the solution to the problem in physics point of view
<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-mXltmiTLLN8/VSydc_DCMcI/AAAAAAAACN8/eGkNTIX5_AE/s1600/tension.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-mXltmiTLLN8/VSydc_DCMcI/AAAAAAAACN8/eGkNTIX5_AE/s1600/tension.png" height="214" width="400" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
Here 'T' is the tension force in the elastic rope. 'x' is the extension
(elongation) of the rope, 'A' is the rope’s
cross sectional area, 'L' is the natural length of the rope while 'Y' is the Young's
modulus. This is the formula derived
from Hooke's law. <o:p></o:p><br />
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
We need to resolve these forces into vectors since we are working in
2D space. Then we need to add the gravitational force on the vertical
component so it will be T sin<span lang="EL">θ</span>
+ mg.<br />
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
From here its easy, all one needs to do is calculate acceleration in
both components using 'F = ma', then find change in velocity using 'v = u + at', And
from velocity you can find new position of the balls. But you might have
already realized both acceleration and velocities keep on changing , that means
to correctly calculate the final velocity, you will need to use integral calculus which is beyond the scope of this post. <o:p></o:p><br />
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
However this analysis is correct and can be implemented in
programming<o:p></o:p><br />
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
Programming Implementation :</h3>
<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Remember I said we need integration to calculate the velocities
and position at a given time? But in programming we have a work around i.e Running several iterations to approximately
calculate the velocity and position . This means we split a time interval, say
1 sec into many smaller time intervals Say 0.1 s, Since 0.1s is a very small
interval, we can assume the acceleration and velocity doesn't change in that
interval . Accuracy can be increased to any desired extent by decreasing the
small time interval.<o:p></o:p><br />
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Ok now we are finally
ready to get started<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Main variables</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br />
<div class="code">
<i>float x1=200,y1=200,x2=200,y2=200, s=100;</i><br />
<i>float vx2=0,vy2=0;
</i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br />
(x1,y1) are the initial position of the first ball , the
ball which is controlled by the mouse. (x2,y2) is the position of the ball
which is connected to the first ball. 'vx2' and 'vy2' are the components of
velocity of the second ball in the X and Y directions respectively. 's' is the natural length of the rope.<br />
<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br />
The following bits of code has to be put in a loop that runs
the iterations <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br />
1) Getting the
coordinates of the mouse and setting that as the coordinates of the first ball<br />
<o:p></o:p><i> </i><br />
<div class="code">
<i><i>x1=mousex();</i> </i><br />
<i>y1=mousey(); </i></div>
<br />
2) Finding distance and angle between the 2 centres.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<i><br /></i>
<br />
<div class="code">
<i>float d1=distance(x1,y1,x2,y2);</i><br />
<i>float ang1=angle(x1,y1,x2,y2);
</i></div>
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Here distance() is a function which calculates distance between 2
points at an instant of time and angle() is a function which calculates angle between 2 points i.e. angle
made by the line joining the 2 points and the horizontal.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br />
3) Checking if the rope is stretched <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br />
We calculate distance between the 2 balls to know if the rope is
stretched and angle to resolve force into components<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br />
<div class="code">
<i>//If the rope is stretched</i><br />
<i>if(d1-s>0)
{</i> //Resolving tension into vectors<br />
<i> vy2+=(d1-s)*sin(ang1)*.007;</i><br />
<i> vx2+=(d1-s)*cos(ang1)*.007;</i><br />
<i>} </i><br />
<br />
/* here all the constants clubbed together as 0.007 , you can change it<br />
We are adding the force directly to velocities by assuming balls to be of unit<br />
mass and time interval to also be unit time<br />
*/ </div>
<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br />
4) Adding gravitational force<br />
<br />
<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<div class="code">
<i> vy2+=.23;</i><br />
<i> </i>//Gravitational force added on y coordinate<br />
// 0.23 is an experimentally calculated value ( you can experiment too ! )
</div>
<br />
5) Moving the body and friction<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
We move the body as follows as we have assumed time
interval to be unit time interval<o:p></o:p><br />
<br /></div>
<div class="code">
<i><i>y2+=vy2;</i></i><br />
<i><i> </i>x2+=vx2;</i><br />
//Friction reduces velocity by 1%<br />
<i>vy2*=.99;</i><br />
<i>vx2*=.99;
</i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
6) Summing up</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br />
<div class="code">
<i>//draws 2 circles on the screen</i><br />
<i>circle(x1,y1,25);</i><br />
<i>circle(x2,y2,25);</i><br />
//draws a line between them<br />
<i>line(x1,y1,x2,y2);</i>
</div>
<o:p></o:p></div>
<o:p></o:p><br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
And we are done !! <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Several improvements can be made like having parameters such
as length, area, masses of spheres etc. Further more this concept can be
expanded on more than 2 balls<br />
<br />
<o:p></o:p></div>
<embed src="http://satu0king.site50.net/gravity%203.swf" style="height: 100%; width: 100%;" type="application/x-shockwave-flash"></embed>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
Full code : </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<o:p></o:p><br />
<div class="code">
#include<graphics.h><br />
<br />
#include<math.h><br />
<br />
//Distance is a function which calculates Distance between 2 points<br />
<br />
float distance(int x1,int y1,int x2,int y2)<br />
<br />
{<br />
<br />
return sqrt((x1-x2)*(x1-x2)+(y1-y2)*(y1-y2));<br />
<br />
}<br />
<br />
//Angle is a function which calculates the angle between 2 points<br />
<br />
// ( tan inverse of the Slope of the line joining the 2 points )<br />
<br />
float angle(int x1 , int y1, int x2 , int y2)<br />
<br />
{<br />
<br />
float ang;<br />
<br />
//In case the 2 points are perpendicular<br />
<br />
if(x1-x2==0)<br />
<br />
{<br />
<br />
ang=-1.57;<br />
<br />
}<br />
<br />
else<br />
<br />
{<br />
<br />
ang = atan((float)(y1 - y2) / (x1 - x2));<br />
<br />
}<br />
<br />
//Quadtrants<br />
<br />
if (ang < 0 && y1> y2)<br />
<br />
{<br />
<br />
ang += 3.14;<br />
<br />
}<br />
<br />
else if (ang > 0 && x1 < x2)<br />
<br />
{<br />
<br />
ang += 3.14;<br />
<br />
}<br />
<br />
return ang;<br />
<br />
}<br />
<br />
int main()<br />
<br />
{<br />
<br />
//declaration of variables<br />
<br />
float x1=200,y1=200,x2=200,y2=200, s=100;<br />
<br />
float vx2=0,vy2=0;<br />
<br />
//Creating a new window<br />
<br />
initwindow (550, 400,"Windows BGI",50,50, false,true);<br />
<br />
while(1)<br />
<br />
{<br />
<br />
//Getting the coordinates of the mouse<br />
<br />
x1=mousex();<br />
<br />
y1=mousey();<br />
<br />
//Finding distance and angle between 2 points<br />
<br />
float d1=distance(x1,y1,x2,y2);<br />
<br />
float ang1=angle(x1,y1,x2,y2);<br />
<br />
//If the rope is stretched<br />
<br />
if(d1-s>0)<br />
<br />
{<br />
<br />
//Resolving tension into vectors<br />
<br />
vy2+=(d1-s)*sin(ang1)*.007;<br />
<br />
vx2+=(d1-s)*cos(ang1)*.007;<br />
<br />
}<br />
<br />
//Gravitational force on y coordinate<br />
<br />
vy2+=.23;<br />
<br />
//Now moving the body<br />
<br />
y2+=vy2;<br />
<br />
x2+=vx2;<br />
<br />
//Friction reduces velocity by 1%<br />
<br />
vy2*=.99;<br />
<br />
vx2*=.99;<br />
<br />
//draws 2 circles on the screen<br />
<br />
circle(x1,y1,25);<br />
<br />
circle(x2,y2,25);<br />
<br />
//draws a line between them<br />
<br />
line (x1,y1,x2,y2);<br />
<br />
//waits for 40 milliseconds<br />
<br />
delay(40);<br />
<br />
//something to do with memory<br />
<br />
swapbuffers();<br />
<br />
//clear the screen so that a new frame can be redrawn<br />
<br />
cleardevice();<br />
<br />
}<br />
<br />
return 0;<br />
<br />
}<graphics .h=""><math .h=""></math></graphics></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16013293835521312985noreply@blogger.com6tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4944549465747217049.post-30271840189635808122015-04-09T19:59:00.002+05:302015-04-19T20:59:46.099+05:30Why I moved to an iPhone from Android<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<br />
My first smartphone was an android phone. The first phone I got which wasn’t a hand-me-down was an android phone. The first phone I saved up for and bought was an android phone. Android introduced me to the world of tech, to the wondrous world of rooting, ROMming and the incredible XDA forums. Being known as someone with a major predilection for android, I surprised most of my friends when I told them that I had, a few weeks ago, switched to the iPhone 6. And now, after these few weeks of use, I do admit something that a year ago I wouldn't have said even if my life depended on it: The iPhone is better than most, if not all, android phones.<br />
<div>
<br />
Back in March 2013, when I got my first respectable android phone, the Nexus 4, I despised the iPhone. I saw the iPhone 5 as the epitome of business exploitation. Exorbitant prices, specifications that were mostly along the lines of current android flagships, if not worse and a cagey OS with no customizability and ridiculous restrictions. And iTunes was (and still is, to be frank) a joke. Granted, its DAC put android phones to shame and in my eyes, it looked better than any other smartphone. That didn't make up for the other shortfalls though. I remember vehemently arguing against the iPhone 5S when it came out, convincing my dad to hang on to his failing Galaxy S2. My mom merely gave me a grin as I berated the iPhone franchise and ridiculed her aging iPhone 4. I told myself I would abhor iPhones and anything else that Apple made that ran iOS.<br />
<br />
<br />
Two years later, what changed? Not much. I still believe Android is exponentially more powerful than iOS, has much greater potential and, after Lollipop, is more of a looker than iOS is. <br />
<br />
Why switch to iPhone then? Two words: Consistency and Ecosystem.<br />
<br />
Yes, the Galaxies and HTC Ones have more RAM. Yes, the Note 4 has twice as many megapixels (16 MP) in the primary camera. I’ll admit the “Retina” resolution of 750 × 1334 sounds pathetic against an LG G3’s 2K (QHD) screen. A fingerprint scanner and an aluminum body aren’t all that salient anymore. Sony’s Z phones can withstand dips, while the iPhone can’t.<br />
<br />
<br />
Knowing all this, I would still recommend an iPhone over any other phone today. Coming from someone who was, till a few months ago a borderline fanboy for Android, that’s saying something.<br />
<br />
<br />
The first thing that struck me after using the iPhone for a few days was how rewarding it was to be invested in Apple’s ecosystem. The iPhone and my Macbook sync so well, it seems like a given. Continuity, Handoff and everything else that had me excited for Yosemite make the iPhone and Macbook combination much more than just a sum of parts. Airdrop and Airplay live up to the hype. Assignments I work on in the bus on the iPhone sync with the Mac as soon as I connect to the school’s WiFi. Tabs I open on the Mac in school I can read on the iPhone, on the bus home. Backing up Photos on a computer aren't an issue anymore. Not that Android can’t compete: Chrome OS and Android supposedly feature similar integration, but Chrome OS doesn’t really cut it.<br />
<br />
<br />
I don’t intend this as a damning statement, but the iPhone has worked better for me than any Android phone I’ve used. It doesn’t do as much as a Galaxy or a Note, but what it does do, it does perfectly. This and the consistency with which it works sets it apart from Android. If there’s one thing that’s set every iPhone apart from the Android flagships of its time, it’s how well it works. The Galaxy S6 has a truckload of features (gimmicks?), Sony’s Xperia Z3 boasts waterproofing and the LG G3 has some pretty slick camera tricks and knock on, putting the iPhone 6 seem austere in comparison. Every Android flagship puts the iPhone to shame on paper, with numerous processor cores, twice, sometimes thrice, as much RAM as the iPhone and much denser screens. But none of these seem to hold a candle to the iPhone in terms of everyday user experience and longevity. </div>
<div>
In my experience at least, the iPhone 6 has just worked so much better than Android. I haven’t had to deal with abysmal battery life (Nexus 4 and 5), tons of rubbish gimmicks (Note 3), Touchwiz, which cannot seem to fix its issue of giving crazy lag after just a few months of use, and lots more. The Note 3 had a much larger battery, but for whatever reason the iPhone lasts just as long, if not longer. The Note 3 (13MP) and Nexus 4 (8MP) had better cameras on paper, but don’t even come within a one mile radius of the iPhone’s picture quality and its ability to take good shots 8 out of 10 times. I will admit that I prefer the Note’s (over)saturated AMOLED screen, but the iPhone’s IPS LCD is pretty darn good too. And Apple’s DAC makes the Note sound laughable.<br />
<br />
I could go on about this, but I’ve also got to recognize Android’s merits over iOS. I really do miss the customizability and openness of Android. I miss the crazy power that it had at times, like rooting and ROMming and even Samsung’s S Note features. Perhaps the HTC One M9 would be the closest competitor to the iPhone from the Android world. I love HTC’s design for the One series, Sense 7 is beautiful most times, if not all, and it’s the only one with audio capabilities rivaling iPhones.<br />
<br />
Maybe in a world where IB didn't take up all my time, I would've still stuck with Android. But at this point in my life, I’ve got a dedicated gaming system (PS4) and a Mac for productivity and Designing, leaving me with very few demands from my smartphone. The only prerequisite is that whatever it does, it should be able to do it perfectly, consistently. And at this moment, I don't see anything apart from an iPhone fulfilling my needs.<br />
<br />
Maybe in a few years, when it’s time for an upgrade, I’ll buy the latest Nexus or One or hopefully a project Ara device and wait for the waves of nostalgia from years of android use to come crashing back. <br />
<br />
<br />
(This article is comprised entirely of the author’s opinions and points of view. Your mileage is likely to vary, so please refrain from taking offense eat any statement made.)</div>
</div>
Aditya Tirumalaihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03026188664952318085noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4944549465747217049.post-16106545632045900912015-03-26T23:45:00.000+05:302015-03-27T17:37:10.444+05:30KHMD Infuse<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div>
The Kumaran Hacker Maker Designer Community held its first event on 3rd March 2015. Members of classes 7, 8, 9 and 11 came together in the High School AV Room. Here's the report.<br />
<br />
Being the first KHMD event, INFUSE was carrying a lot of responsibility in terms of spreading popularity, awareness and love for everything related to hacking, making and functional design. </div>
<br />
We began with a talk by Gautam on KHMD; past, present and future, with the relevance and importance of KHMD as a community. <br />
<br />
He spoke of how what we learn at school, however practical and informative, isn't enough for the budding hacker/maker/designer and therefore we needed something more, where students could help each other and grow as individuals and also improve the already good quality of students we churn out at Kumarans. <br />
<br />
We had a video from Aniruddha Mysore, an alumnus, who wanted to applaud the community's efforts and enforce the idea of KHMD. <br />
<br />
Mr. Sathya Prasad from Intel inspired the crowd with his talk on Makers space and what it means to be a maker. His speech was a hit and his easy language and stage presence complimented the message of the talk.<br />
<br />
We also had an amazing demo of an in-house Oculus Thrift, built by Aabharan Hemanth, Adhesh Shenoy, Anurag Muttur, Rupith Baburaj and Kushal Naidu. <br />
<br />
This seemed to be the highlight of the day and many students tried the device on and were enthralled by its performance. <br />
<br />
The response of students after the event was brilliant and several people signed up to join the community. <br />
<br />
Infuse was a blast! <br />
<br />
Here's the video. Please visit <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bNyDTBWiDSk">https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bNyDTBWiDSk</a> for quick links to certain parts of the event.<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<iframe allowfullscreen="" class="YOUTUBE-iframe-video" data-thumbnail-src="https://i.ytimg.com/vi/bNyDTBWiDSk/0.jpg" frameborder="0" height="315" src="http://www.youtube.com/embed/bNyDTBWiDSk?feature=player_embedded" width="560"></iframe></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
Thanks to Aabharan Hemanth for editing all the footage. </div>
<br /></div>
Aparna Mukherjeehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00409313398375983001noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4944549465747217049.post-8730401152668905392015-03-07T17:47:00.000+05:302015-03-07T21:02:24.370+05:30Bi-Box Innovation Day<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/--e5AWBg-Hoo/VPrtOUN5-8I/AAAAAAAABRU/I_JnIK6NF9c/s1600/BIBOXPioneerFeatures.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/--e5AWBg-Hoo/VPrtOUN5-8I/AAAAAAAABRU/I_JnIK6NF9c/s1600/BIBOXPioneerFeatures.jpg" height="640" width="568" /></a></div>
<br />
<br />
Hi Guys! Here is the long-awaited report on the Bi-Box Innovation Day which took place on 28 February (Saturday).<br />
<br />
<br />
<h3 style="text-align: center;">
What is the Bi-Box program?</h3>
<br />
Bi-Box is a graphical interfaced programming system which consists of a Bi-Box (a micro-controller) where the connections are made. The Logic is designed using a graphical flow chart on a tablet and then uploaded via Bluetooth to the hardware. It is mainly focused on the students who are yet to be introduced to the logic of programming. All this is taught by external instructors from the Bi-Box company.<br />
<br />
<br />
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
24 February (Tuesday/Day 1)</h3>
We were surprised when all of the sudden, selected students were asked to prepare for the Bi-Box Innovation Day which was going to take place within a matter of 4 days. We were called in and the teachers explained to us what was going to happen on that day. The teachers explained to us that there were going to be 5 main projects and several other filler projects. The main projects were the Argri-mation (The automated farm), E-Hospital (The fully automated hospital), The cloth pulling machine (The automated machine which saves the clothes from rain) and the Automated Cradle. We made up our minds to it and we were ready to start preparing as soon as the required materials and components arrived. I was not surprised when everybody got serious about this day after one of our instructors made a comment saying, "This is the biggest event that has ever happened to Bi-Box so let's make it a grand success!"<br />
<br />
<h3>
25 February (Wednesday/Day 2) </h3>
The preparation for the big day was at full swing! We were called in for the last 2 periods but since we were so excited some of stayed for the last 4 periods! The teams for each of these projects were chosen and division of the work took place. Once the work was divided, the teams started brainstorming for ideas and the final ideas were chosen. But the day was bad as all of a sudden all our progress came to a halt due to technical issues. That day was when I realized how much the Bi-Box instructors cared about this day and were counting on this day. That day they stayed back at school until around 7 p.m just to finish some work which could not be done to cover up the time that we had lost.<br />
<br />
<br />
<h3>
26 February (Thursday/Day 3)</h3>
It was on this day that real progress was made. The programming part of the projects were done on this day and all that was left was to construct, assemble the models and fix the Bi-Box into it. This was the toughest part of the whole day as there were many technical issues but the teams were able to tackle these problems and move on.<br />
<br />
<br />
<h3>
27 February (Friday/Day 4 )</h3>
This was the final day of preparation and all the things were coming together and some other people interested in the small projects also joined in. The entire team got together and practiced the way they would present it. At the end, all were satisfied and were ready for the upcoming day.<br />
<br />
<br />
<h3 style="text-align: center;">
INNOVATION DAY (28/02/2015)</h3>
<div>
<br /></div>
When the day came, there was more audience than expected due to the PTM that was taking place along side. Everybody was busy just before it started. Badges, Bi-Boxes, Charts were all being distributed to the students taking part. When the time came, the program was at full swing. Everything was going according to plan, people were explaining, showing and telling them what the Bi-Box was.<br />
<br />
<h3 style="text-align: center;">
Detailed description of the main projects</h3>
<b><br /></b><b>Safe Transport System : </b>The Safe transport system is an automated transport system for the citizens. It features a bus which moves around the city and stops automatically when there is a person in front of it or when it reaches a signal / bus stop.<br />
<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-ZMAmHHIrPsw/VPXqCeWh2BI/AAAAAAAAAx8/QbtaUy436_U/s1600/DSCN0146%2B(1).JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-ZMAmHHIrPsw/VPXqCeWh2BI/AAAAAAAAAx8/QbtaUy436_U/s1600/DSCN0146%2B(1).JPG" height="315" width="560" /></a></div>
<br />
<div>
<b><span style="text-align: center;"><br /></span></b>
<b><span style="text-align: center;">The Automatic Cloth Pulling Machine : </span></b>The automatic cloth pulling machine helps people who dry their clothes in the open sun. If the machine senses rain, (using a rain sensor which works on the principles of conductivity) it starts a mechanism which pulls the clothes into the shed so that it does not get wet. When it is not raining it brings the clothes back out. </div>
<div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-xKDxk93YlRg/VPXqFKHhPiI/AAAAAAAAAyE/nQXdrbFr0Ik/s1600/DSCN0172.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-xKDxk93YlRg/VPXqFKHhPiI/AAAAAAAAAyE/nQXdrbFr0Ik/s1600/DSCN0172.JPG" height="315" width="560" /></a></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<b><br /></b></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<b><br /></b></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
<b>Automated Baby Sitter : </b><span style="text-align: left;">This automated baby sitter helps those who have tough time with babies. If the baby has wet his pants then it sends out an alarm to the mother/father/guardian saying that he has wet his pants. If the baby cries then it makes different colorful patterns using LEDs. </span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
<span style="text-align: left;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
<a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-Z50pxvqc1tU/VPXqH_iEBsI/AAAAAAAAAyM/TupVqQ_OZbQ/s1600/DSCN0173.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-Z50pxvqc1tU/VPXqH_iEBsI/AAAAAAAAAyM/TupVqQ_OZbQ/s1600/DSCN0173.JPG" height="315" width="560" /></a></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
<b>The Agri-Mation : </b><span style="text-align: left;">The Agri-Mation (which stands for Agricultural Automation) is a farm which has many automatic features in it. It has a automatic drip irrigation system that irrigates the crops when the soil is not moist. It has an automated greenhouse which opens in the morning and closes at night. It also has an intruder alarm in case somebody comes close to the farmhouse at night. It also has a fire alarm in case the field catches fire. It is also accompanied by a scarecrow which moves and a windmill as well.</span></div>
<br />
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<a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-kcDFuLvXCFY/VPXqKoB822I/AAAAAAAAAyU/7eoPhHXnIVc/s1600/IMG_6312.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-kcDFuLvXCFY/VPXqKoB822I/AAAAAAAAAyU/7eoPhHXnIVc/s1600/IMG_6312.JPG" height="315" width="560" /></a></div>
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<b>The E - Hospital : </b>The E-Hospital is a automated hospital that consists of a automated stretcher that carries the patient to the emergency room by itself. It also has automatic lights which switch on the moment night arrives. It also consists of some models like the test tubes with different types of blood inside which circulates around a room.</div>
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<span style="text-align: left;">It was a big success. There was a counter which was present for the parents to vote whether they were satisfied or not. A total of 1359 parents voted that they were very satisfied. Overall, it was a huge success.</span></div>
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We thank the teachers and Bi-Box instructors for supporting us in this huge event!<br />
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If you have any doubt about what this program is and how the logic is done then don't hesitate to reach me out at gaganbhat6@gmail.com.</div>
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05902823610040379655noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4944549465747217049.post-81024109736240491732015-02-23T11:45:00.000+05:302015-02-23T15:19:18.943+05:30The Microsoft HoloLens<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<a href="http://icdn1.digitaltrends.com/image/microsoft-hololens-lg-1500x1000.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://icdn1.digitaltrends.com/image/microsoft-hololens-lg-1500x1000.jpg" height="213" width="320" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;">During the Windows 10 event held in January 2015, we saw something a lot more than Windows 10. Something that is virtual reality and at the same time, is not virtual reality. This peculiar device is Microsoft’s HoloLens. There isn’t much to say about the HoloLens. But some say it is Microsoft’s answer to PlayStation’s Project Morpheus, while others say it is a device to “combine the digital and real world."<br /><br />The main idea of the HoloLens is to have a new medium to express creativity. For example, on a Skype call, instructions for the other person can be drawn while performing a task, which are holograms.<br /><br />HoloLens can also be used for gaming. Minecraft was one game shown by Microsoft (probably) because of Microsoft’s recent purchase of Mojang), and there could be more games soon. It shows the world of blocks in your living room. You can use your table to build a house, a model of a dinosaur or even a pair of underpants. You can create anything!<br /><br />You can do a lot more such as sticking virtual sticky notes, looking at virtual recipes, making designs to anything or even use your wall as an App Drawer. HoloLens integrates the real world with the virual world for an enhanced experience of the existing world. This is a new medium of creating and sharing ideas.<br /><br />The HoloLens can also be used for entertainment. Want to watch your favourite sports team play? Just turn on your device. Want to watch the video of the Mars Rover? Go ahead! You can use gestures and your voice to control the device. HoloLens understands your movements and Gestures.<br /><br />HoloLens is an interactive device that can change the way we create and share ideas. This is virtual reality and at the same time, it isn’t as we have a virtual world, as well as the real world interacting together. This device can also have a great impact on learning and the way we understand. Here is a preview of the HoloLens: </span><br />
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<iframe allowfullscreen="" class="YOUTUBE-iframe-video" data-thumbnail-src="https://ytimg.googleusercontent.com/vi/qym11JnFQBM/0.jpg" frameborder="0" height="315" src="http://www.youtube.com/embed/qym11JnFQBM?feature=player_embedded" width="560"></iframe></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">As a fan of Back To The Future, I can safely assure you that the future is here.</span></span><br />
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Anurag Mhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16148927824454023444noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4944549465747217049.post-47545766285510478552015-02-09T22:05:00.000+05:302015-02-22T14:13:05.179+05:30Installing an Alternate OS<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<h4 id="why-most-programmers-need-an-alternate-operating-system-and-how-you-should-go-about-getting-one">
<strong><em>Why most programmers need an alternate operating system and how you should go about getting one</em></strong></h4>
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-ZYr6vxzx0mg/VM-KWxK-dsI/AAAAAAAAYqE/5YiZT_dovsg/s1600/linux-distros.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-ZYr6vxzx0mg/VM-KWxK-dsI/AAAAAAAAYqE/5YiZT_dovsg/s1600/linux-distros.png" height="258" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">A few (of the many) Linux Distros</td></tr>
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If you are reading this on a laptop or a desktop computer, I can say with <b>98.98 percent</b> (Courtesy : netmarketshare.com) surety that you are using a version of either the Windows or Mac <code style="background-color: #cccccc;">Operating System</code></div>
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Generally, a single operating system is sufficient for most computer users. But when you are developing software for multiple operating systems, or using your computer for things like making a web server, or running very specific development environments, often one operating system ceases to be enough.<br />
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Running more than one operating system on a computer or <code style="background-color: #cccccc;">dual-booting</code> as it is usually called ( or triple-boot, quad-boot, etc, although the word usage is not as common as dual-boot) is actually very simple and easy, but if you fail to follow some basic procedures, you could end up losing your data, or being unable to use even one OS. Even more terrible things, depending on how bad you mess up.<br />
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However operating systems need not always be <em>installed</em>. More on <code style="background-color: #cccccc;">virtualization</code> later.<br />
Here are some questions you will most probably have if you are new to installing operating systems :<br />
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<h3 id="1-which-os-should-i-install">
1) Which OS should I install?</h3>
You should install whatever operating system best suits your particular programming requirements. Windows and OSX are generally best suited for app and software development for those platforms.<br />
For most other things, <code style="background-color: #cccccc;">Linux</code> flavours are popular. If you simply want to install a Linux OS, I would personally recommend either <code style="background-color: #cccccc;">Ubuntu</code> or <code style="background-color: #cccccc;">Debian</code>. Both have easy installations, great support bases, lots of software and applications, and a modern UI. <br />
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In the end it comes down simply to what best fits your comfort zone. The Mac OS is better suited for programming than Windows. But neither of these are as popular as open-source Linux distros.<br />
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<h3 id="2-is-it-compulsory-to-install-an-os-to-use-it">
2) Is it compulsory to install an OS to use it?</h3>
First of all, it is not required for you to actually install an OS on your hard disk to use one. Lots of Linux operating systems let you run operating systems on flash drives and cd’s. Usually this is to let you demo the OS before installing, but with this method you can actually use an entire OS without it installing on your hard drive.<br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-zTyFYJcjwGY/VM-Kl0QaZ0I/AAAAAAAAYqM/Cj1nn34LqJ4/s1600/virtualbox.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-zTyFYJcjwGY/VM-Kl0QaZ0I/AAAAAAAAYqM/Cj1nn34LqJ4/s1600/virtualbox.jpg" height="199" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Virtualbox</td></tr>
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Almost all operating systems out there can be run by <code style="background-color: #cccccc;">virtualization</code>. What this means is that you use an OS within another OS. There are several great software for doing this, for both Windows and Mac (Also Linux). <strong>Virtualbox</strong> and <strong>VMware</strong> (Virtualbox is free) come on the very top of the list.<br />
You can run pretty much any operating system - Android, iOS, Windows, OSX, (Xu/Ku/Edu/Lu/U)buntu, Debian, Fedora, Red Hat - anything as long as your processor supports (hardware) <code style="background-color: #cccccc;">virtualization technology</code> or <code><span style="background-color: #cccccc;">VT</span></code>. <br />
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<pre style="line-height: 125%; margin: 0;">Virtualbox can, to a large extent manage on older processors which do not have `VT` enabled, however performance might be low. VMware requires some bypassing commands to do the same.
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Anything newer than Intel <code style="background-color: #cccccc;">Pentium</code> or AMD <code style="background-color: #cccccc;">Athlon</code> would probably support VT, but check your processor specifications before trying to run a virtual OS.<br />
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<h3 id="3-are-there-any-precautions-i-should-take-before-trying-to-install-a-new-os">
3) Are there any precautions I should take before trying to install a new OS.</h3>
<strong>Yes!</strong> As I mentioned before, you might murder your computer by accident when installing an OS, so always take a backup of all you data onto ANOTHER COMPUTER or a HARD DISK. <br />
Before installing any OS, always read the specifications fully, including the version you are planning to install. Check on forums for any complaints people have had when they have tried to install that particular version of that OS on your computer model.<br />
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Also its always better to partition your hard drive when you start the installation process. Most Operating Systems allow you to partition your hard drive before installation, but its always better to do it beforehand to ensure nothing goes wrong. It's usually easiest if you use your current OS to partition. If you're on Windows use the <code style="background-color: #cccccc;">Disk Management</code> tool, <code style="background-color: #cccccc;">Disk Utility</code> on Mac, and <code style="background-color: #cccccc;">GParted</code> on Linux.<br />
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<pre style="line-height: 125%; margin: 0;">Never,ever,ever install an OS onto the same partition as another OS. Always take care you select an empty partition during installation.
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<h3 id="4-which-installation-method-should-i-use">
4) Which installation method should I use?</h3>
When you ‘download an OS’ in most cases you are actually downloading an <code style="background-color: #cccccc;">ISO</code> file, or a compressed <code style="background-color: #cccccc;">ISO</code> file. This <code style="background-color: #cccccc;">ISO</code> file can either be burnt to a CD, or to a USB. Its up to you, to choose which. Some old computers may not be able to boot from USB.<br />
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<pre style="line-height: 125%; margin: 0;">Its not just enough MOVING the ISO file to a CD or USB. It must be burnt, so as to make it BOOTABLE.
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There are plenty of software for burning ISO files. Here are two free ones, for the lazy and the uninitiated (<strong>Disclaimer</strong> : Don’t blame me if this causes your computer to explode, or transform into a killer robot) <br />
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<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li>For burning to discs : <a href="http://freeisoburner.com/">Free Iso Burner</a></li>
<li>For burning to USB : <a href="http://isotousb.com/">ISO to USB</a></li>
</ul>
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-4U9CuEO0JX4/VM-KxF8nZ_I/AAAAAAAAYqU/SVAZcgWh_jE/s1600/bios-screen.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-4U9CuEO0JX4/VM-KxF8nZ_I/AAAAAAAAYqU/SVAZcgWh_jE/s1600/bios-screen.png" height="273" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Boot devices menu in the BIOS </td></tr>
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After you burn the ISO image, insert the USB/Disc. Run the autorun if it has one - it most likely will - or directly proceed to restart your computer. Before your OS loads, on the BIOS screen, hit the key for the boot option menu (Usually <code><span style="background-color: #cccccc;">f9</span> </code>on PC’s) and select either USB or CD depending on which your OS is loaded. I bid you smooth sailing.<br />
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<h3 id="5-precautions-to-take-during-installation">
5) Precautions to take DURING installation</h3>
Stating the obvious here - Whenever you are installing a new OS, make sure to keep your computer fully charged and plugged in. <br />
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Keep your Internet easily accessible. Always. WiFi is recommended, but Cable will also work. If you use a dongle, try to convert it’s network into a hotspot as the OS you just install maybe unable to use it. Have another computer standing as backup, in case your installation goes boink.<br />
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Ensure you have all the files you may need, already downloaded and ready to be booted if required. I personally would recommend downloading the <code style="background-color: #cccccc;">boot repair disk</code> and putting it on either a bootable CD or USB, especially if you are installing Linux.<br />
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The boot repair disk can be downloaded <a href="http://sourceforge.net/projects/boot-repair-cd/"><strong>here</strong></a>.<br />
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The boot repair disk can be booted from directly. It’s main function is to fix GRUB, but it also contains very useful tools, such as <code style="background-color: #cccccc;">GParted</code> the partition editor, as well as an <code style="background-color: #cccccc;">OS-Uninstaller</code>. It can also be used to access the Internet, in case you need some urgent help.<br />
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<h3 id="6-what-should-i-do-if-something-goes-wrong-during-the-install">
6) What should I do if something goes wrong during the install</h3>
Odds are, the install will not go <em>ferpectly the ristf eimt</em>. Maybe there were driver problems. Maybe your computer was not fully compatible with the OS version you tried to install. Maybe you made some other mistakes. Whatever happens, it’s always best if you try the whole install afresh. If you think the operating system has not installed completely or with some defects, use the boot repair disk to uninstall the operating system, format the partition that you installed the OS on, and try again.<br />
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In case of a failed install, Purge, Cleanse and Start over!</blockquote>
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<h3 id="7-the-os-has-been-installed-now-what">
7) The OS has been installed. Now what?</h3>
So all the installation is done. <strong>Check if everything is functioning as it should.</strong> The only tests you need to run, are with the hardware. Just make sure all your hardware components - speakers, keyboard, touchpad/mouse, camera, ports - are all functioning correctly. If there is a problem with anything, try looking on forums if you're experiencing a known issue with the OS. More likely than not, the drivers will need to be updated, and once this is done, your new OS will be ready.<br />
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Also ensure your multi-boot screen is functioning correctly. ( This will be <code style="background-color: #cccccc;">GRUB</code> if you have any linux versions installed ) The boot repair disk can fix most issues with GRUB. If you have installed Windows freshly, GRUB may not be accessible during startup and you will directly boot Windows. Again, the boot repair disk can fix this issue.<br />
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/--l4Y4CQfDTI/VM-K6POYUsI/AAAAAAAAYqc/OKzY7xlXm80/s1600/grub-screen.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/--l4Y4CQfDTI/VM-K6POYUsI/AAAAAAAAYqc/OKzY7xlXm80/s1600/grub-screen.jpg" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The <b>Gr</b>and <b>U</b>nified <b>B</b>ootloader</td></tr>
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<blockquote>
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4944549465747217049" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"></a>Aah, the satisfaction of using a freshly installed OS</blockquote>
<strong>Some General tips for Linux :</strong> Start using the terminal for even basic things. That way you'll get the hang of it. Install updates, as soon as you get your system up and running. <br />
<strong><br /></strong>
<strong>General tips for Ubuntu :</strong> <a href="http://www.unixmen.com/top-things-installing-ubuntu-14-1014-0413-1013-0412-1012-04/">Click Here</a> for a quick list of things to do immediately after you install Ubuntu.<br />
<hr />
This post is crosspublished on my blog, <a href="http://thenewcon.com/" target="_blank"> The New Age Tech Connoisseur</a><br />
Go forth and conquer!</div>
Aniruddha Mysorehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10644052874380941546noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4944549465747217049.post-49842920335865684322015-02-04T16:42:00.001+05:302015-02-04T16:54:11.693+05:30Texas Instruments Quiz - More Questions!<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
Hello everybody!</div>
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So as I said in my previous post, I wanted to put up a few more questions for preparation and just for fun. These are some interesting questions which you can try.</div>
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<ol>
<li>Most vehicles have an RPM meter but even when the vehicle is at idle, the RPM meter does not show zero. (But the engine is turned on). So this meter shows the RPM of what? (Try to get the specific answer)</li>
<li>When you open a refrigerator and then close it, sometimes the fridge door get 'stuck' and needs a lot of force to open it. However if left alone for sometime, the door opens normally again. How do you explain the door getting stuck and then opening normally again sometime later?</li>
<li>Satellites are placed in space and many of them continuously face the sun and receive heat from it. This should cause them to keep heating up until the temperature becomes very high and the satellite is damaged. But this does not happen. How / Why?</li>
<li><img src="http://techreport.com/r.x/2013_9_11_Nokia_on_iPhone_5C_Imitation_is_the_best_form_of_flattery/nokia-flattery.jpg" height="188" width="320" />Nokia posted this as a response to 'X'. ID X.</li>
<li>There is a natural gas field in Turmekistan called the Door To Hell. Soviet engineers in 1971 found this natural gas site but the whole region collapsed into a crater. They lit the gas and expected it to burn out within a few weeks but it continues to burn till date. Even though burning the gas produces CO2 which is a greenhouse gas, it is considered to be better than letting the gas escape. Why?</li>
<li>In a camera with an electronic flash, immediately after clicking a photo with the flash, a high-frequency whirring sound can be heard sometimes. We say that the 'flash is charging'. What exactly needs to charge? Why does it need to charge? </li>
<li>Related to the previous question. Explain why this sound is heard. (You might also hear it some other electronics)</li>
<li>What purpose did screensavers serve on computer screens and TVs?</li>
<li>There was an app called 'Bump' which allowed two people with the app to just bump their phones to share files with each other over the internet. It does not use Bluetooth or NFC. Can you explain how this worked?</li>
<li>The picture below has many red dots. What do these represent? (Hint: Related to automobiles)</li>
</ol>
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<a href="https://lh6.googleusercontent.com/proxy/QlbWHnPR9o_mq2trFpjNkkuWztpOttyAYur_otGen8inZ1HZKBTdTq5EOFRy0mcvuQETKBqA8DK_O81HpmGrJsv-yysCoCniiOSkDi3QtCNTjFIE1VdgERk2iVWqxxy_lC_UJyWvcw" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://blog.caranddriver.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/05/Tesla-Ideal-Map-626x352.jpg" height="223" width="400" /></a></div>
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Try to answer as many as you can!</div>
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<a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-8DoL7mZFN_k/VMp-xf5W-wI/AAAAAAAABDs/7TKZcJbYkBA/s1600/xda-icon.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-8DoL7mZFN_k/VMp-xf5W-wI/AAAAAAAABDs/7TKZcJbYkBA/s1600/xda-icon.png" height="320" width="320" /></a></div>
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<a href="http://www.xda-developers.com/">XDA Developers</a> is a mobile software development community of over 5 million members worldwide, started in January 2003. Although discussion primarily revolves around Android, members also talk about many other operating systems and mobile development topics.<br />
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<i><b><span style="font-size: large;">Why would I use XDA?</span></b></i></div>
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Have you thought of rooting your Android device, or changing something that is not really available using an app? If yes, I'm sure you've come across XDA. As I already mentioned, XDA is a site where people discuss about Android and find guides to customize their devices to the highest levels.</div>
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XDA is a also the major hub for Open-Source Android Development and there is always something to learn.<br />
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<b><span style="font-size: large;">The following sections give you the basics to understand XDA lingo</span></b></div>
<i><b><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></b></i>
<i><b><span style="font-size: large;">What is rooting? </span></b></i></div>
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Well there’s no real definition to rooting. But I would say it as “Gaining superuser access to an android device”. Its similar to running programs as administrators in Windows, or running a command with <i><b>sudo</b></i> in Linux. (sudo is "SuperUser do")<br />
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<b><span style="font-size: large;">Some important terms: </span></b></div>
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<b><i><span style="font-size: large;">Root: </span></i></b>It is the permission obtained to run special apps to enhance the working of your Android device. This can include SetCPU or Helium. This can be done by either flashing the SuperSU application through the recovery or flashing a custom rom which has root privileges. <br />
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<i><b><span style="font-size: large;">Flash: </span></b></i>When you install something on your device using methods other than running a simple installer. These methods are generally "flashing" from a custom recovery or bootloader.<br />
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For eg. When you install the Gmail app from the Play store it is not called flashing.<br />
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But if you install Gmail on your phone using the recovery, it can be called flashing. Why would you install Gmail using the recovery? Read on to know what GApps are.</div>
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<i><b><span style="font-size: large;">ROM: </span></b></i>A rom is the firmware (software) that runs on an Android device. There are two types of ROMs. <br />
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<i><b><span style="font-size: large;">Stock ROM: </span></b></i> This is the original firmware which comes with the device when you buy it and/or gets updates from the manufacturer.<br />
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<b><i><span style="font-size: large;">Custom ROM:</span></i></b><b style="font-size: x-large; font-style: italic;"> </b>This is the ROM you flash when you want to completely change the software your phone is running. Popular examples include CyanogenMod, AOKP, Paranoid Android.<br />
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<span style="font-size: large; font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;">GApps: </span>When you first install a custom ROM, you need some apps to actually use the device. These apps are generally the Google apps. These apps are standardized according to your Android version in a package called GApps that is flashed right after flashing the ROM.<br />
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<i><b><span style="font-size: large;">Bootloader: </span></b></i>Lowest level of software which runs all code for the OS to boot up.<br />
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<b><i><span style="font-size: large;">Recovery:</span></i></b> It is a piece of software which allows you to take backup of ROMs, flash ROMs and many do many system level tasks. This is also a main part of rooting a device. In most cases it is recommended that you first install a custom recovery like TWRP or CWM.<br />
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b><i>Brick: </i></b></span> Bricking an android device is the act of ruining the internal firmware or the kernel. Again there is soft brick and hard brick. A soft brick, is usually just when you're phone is stuck in a bootloop, and as the name implies, is caused by a software error, usually the lack of a system to boot from or some other minor software bug that glitching boot. Hard brick as the word suggests means that the phone can now be used only as a paper weight. <br />
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<b><i><span style="font-size: large;">Kernel:</span></i></b> A kernel can be thought of something which communicates between the firmware and the hardware of your device. There are many custom kernels too which can be used to overclock the CPU or enhance battery life and things like that. <br />
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<i><b><span style="font-size: large;">ADB:</span></b></i> It is a command-line tool from Google to communicate with your device when it is connected to the computer. It stands for Android Debug Bridge.<br />
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<span style="font-size: large;"><i><b>OEM:</b></i></span><b style="font-size: x-large; font-style: italic;"> </b>This is an acronym for Original Equipment Manufacturer. Every Android device manufacturer is an OEM.<br />
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A more technical post can be found here [<a href="http://forum.xda-developers.com/showthread.php?t=1394458">Link</a>]<br />
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<b><span style="font-size: large;">GENERAL METHODS FOR ROOTING</span></b><br />
<b>(Based on OEM)</b></div>
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(WARNING!: This is not the recommended guide for your specific device. Official rooting guides can be found on xda-developers. ) <br />
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There are some applications which help you root your device. However it is not recommended as they can brick your device unless they are verified by users. <br />
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<i><b><span style="font-size: large;">SAMSUNG: </span></b></i><br />
Since Samsung releases a heck load of devices every year, so it keeps changing from device to device. Old Samsung phones like the Galaxy Ace, Galaxy Pop, etc., required just flashing a Superuser zip file on a ClockWorkMod Recovery. Samsung phones(2012-2013) need Odin (which is a tool from Samsung to tweak Samsung phones) to flash a zip file to root your devices.<br />
Newer Samsung devices have difficult procedures to root due to implementation of Samusung Knox on Exynos chipsets.<br />
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<i><b><span style="font-size: large;">HTC: </span></b></i><br />
Just a few years back HTC phones were the toughest phones to root. <br />
These days HTC phones are as easy as they can come. But you need to register on their website to your device. <br />
There are also plenty of HTC rootkits available. </div>
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<i><b><span style="font-size: large;">SONY: </span></b></i><br />
Since Sony is becoming open day by day the methods of rooting their phones is also becoming easier. Older phones like the Xperia S/T/U require the rootkits from Sony. Newer phones get rooted using TowelRoot itself (Xperia Z/Z1). </div>
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<i><b><span style="font-size: large;">LG: </span></b></i><br />
This is surprising but there this app called StumpRoot which root can all LG devices. </div>
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<i><b><span style="font-size: large;">Nexus: </span></b></i><br />
Since these devices are from Google, they require some special steps to root the device. ADB should be installed on the PC, bootloader should be unlocked using this and custom recovery should be flashed. Using the custom recovery flash the SuperSU zip and you’re done.<br />
But one important thing of note is that there is almost no way of hard-bricking a nexus. <br />
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<i><b><span style="font-size: large;">Xiaomi: </span></b></i><br />
There are also some devices which come pre-rooted which enables the user to have root permissions out of the box. <br />
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The Moto G has already been covered in a <a href="http://kumaranhmd.blogspot.in/2015/01/rooting101.html">previous blog post</a>.<br />
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<i><b><span style="font-size: large;">Consequences of rooting: </span></b></i></div>
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<li>Warranty is void (On most phones).</li>
<li>Chances of getting bricked become high.</li>
<li>If you don't know what you are doing, you may get unexpected behavior.</li>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b><i>How do I use XDA without harming my device?</i></b></span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><b><i><br /></i></b></span>
While following guides<br />
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<li>Read the whole guide once and check if have all the prerequisites to complete the process</li>
<li>If you don't know how to do something, ask around or find out</li>
<li>Follow each and every step carefully and do not skip anything or mess up the order.</li>
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<i><b><span style="font-size: large;">Should I register on XDA?</span></b></i><br />
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We were all once new to XDA-Developers, and it can be daunting to get started on a site as large as XDA. If you use XDA to simply read and download files (attachments), there is no real use of registering on the website. But if you want to post questions and add your own stuff then you should register.<br />
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I would also like to mention that there is a mobile app, where you can browse forums.<br />
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You should really watch this video if you want to be a member on XDA</div>
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If you run into problems, feel free to tag the author, Sanjay Krishnan, Gautam Padiyar or Sushant Rao and ask a question on the G+ Community. We’ve all been in those situations.<br />
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Don't forget to +1, share, comment and point out mistakes (if any) in the comments section below.<br />
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02892318080212657152noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4944549465747217049.post-6637096813075270542015-01-15T08:54:00.000+05:302015-01-15T09:29:21.697+05:30Bio Mimicry<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
Please read the prequel to this <a href="http://kumaranhmd.blogspot.in/2015/01/reflecition.html">here</a><br />
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When you are an admirer of Nature, it is hard to look at
Nature without considering the acts of Man. Many of our scientific inventions
and achievements appear to be narrow-sighted and flawed. What Nature produces is completely bio degradable – safe for
the planet, safe for all the living creatures. But when Man started using
technology to ‘enhance’ living on this planet, he has done more damage than
good. Harmful toxins are released; dangerous<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>radiations that threaten the survival of several species are the results
of man’s rapid progress. Watch this<br />
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Is there any solution? Yes, people are now looking towards
Nature and Her ways of solving man-made problems. This relatively new approach
to science and technology is termed Bio Mimicry. Look around and just observe
Nature’s fascinating ways.<br />
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Microbes, the tiniest of living creatures are ingenious
engineers; watch how ants make ant hills and you will be surprised at the
architectural skills<br />
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Impressed? Watch the TED video to understand how bio mimicry is being accepted today.<br />
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Anonymousnoreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4944549465747217049.post-70472760123485080622015-01-15T08:31:00.003+05:302015-01-15T08:39:31.243+05:30ReflecITion<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
Technology today has redefined our lives. What was
unimaginable before has become a reality – wait a minute! Was it really
unimaginable? The recent <a href="http://rt.com/news/219851-india-science-congress-gems/">news article</a> that carried the stories of inventions by ancient Indians seems to defy this
statement. The fact that Indians initiated several technological advancements,
show that as a civilization, we were far ahead in our approach to technology.<br />
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This might give rise to the all-important question – Are
these claims true? What evidence do we have to substantiate this claim?
Answering this is not easy. We have relied on oral rendition/transfer of
knowledge in the past. Documenting our country’s rich history and scientific
progress was undertaken by foreign travelers like Hiuen-Tsiang and Fa-Hien.This
again has a philosophical connotation – our ancestors believed that knowledge
is free and never felt the need to own what they have achieved – life itself is
transient, so is owning (patenting) of success.</div>
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Today we work and think different – our needs revolve around
technology- owning the latest phone, documenting our achievements in a digital
format, having a flat screen Television, connecting to people through social
media– the list grows for adults and the young alike. We have come a long way,
haven’t we? It’s time now to think, to pause.Where are we heading? Should we
not document/patent our achievements now? Where is that elusive progress in creative
thinking, as a Society /as a Civilization? Should technological advancements be
unfettered and exist without global boundaries? Can technology be the leveler,
the panacea to bridge the gap between the developed and developing countries?</div>
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Anonymousnoreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4944549465747217049.post-58076573601050003772015-01-08T12:26:00.000+05:302015-01-08T12:26:13.885+05:30Texas Instruments Sci-Tech Quiz 2015<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
Hello everyone!<br />
<br />
So the Texas Instruments Science and Technology Quiz is back in its 11th edition this year. The quiz will be conducted in 5 cities followed by a national finals which is held here in Bangalore. Students from classes 8 to 10 can participate. Our school has done really well in this quiz, and hopefully we continue to do so. 2 years ago, Barghav Cavale and I won this quiz. (In my 3rd attempt) A lot of you must be interested in attending this quiz, so I thought I could help all of you in preparing better.<br />
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The quiz primarily focuses on knowledge science concepts and the technology isn't really about the latest gadgets and its NOT an IT quiz like the ones which have been held in school for IT Fair or the TCS quiz. The science questions require some thinking and need to be explained.<br />
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Other than general knowledge and thinking, the best way to prepare would be to read howstuffworks.com's Science and Tech Sections (<a href="http://science.howstuffworks.com/">http://science.howstuffworks.com/</a>). We were able to answer 3 or 4 questions from reading stuff here. (Ex: How noise cancelling headphones work, Regenerative breaking etc.) Knowing stuff about scientists, and the periodic table and the elements is necessary.<br />
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Last year, we conducted a quiz in school to select students for the TI quiz but the quiz was never held that year. So to get you started, have a look at those questions here and see how you do. <br />
<a href="http://1drv.ms/1wWULxI">http://1drv.ms/1wWULxI</a> (Its kind of difficult)<br />
<br />
All the best to everyone who will be going this time! (Ask Chethana Ma'am for more details)<br />
<br />
Abhishek</div>
Abhishek Krishnahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14814614769070151387noreply@blogger.com6tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4944549465747217049.post-49000215910051456692015-01-06T00:17:00.001+05:302015-04-13T02:12:27.012+05:30Quantum computers - a replacement?<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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A touch of history</div>
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Quantum Mechanics as a subject rose from one single question that was bothering Scientists of the time, and is still debatable now.<br />
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<b>"Is light a particle or wave"? </b></div>
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The eminent physicist Isaac Newton believed that light was a rain of particles, called corpuscles. At the beginning of the nineteenth century, Thomas Young demonstrated with his famous double-slit interference experiment that light propagates as waves. With Maxwell’s formulation of electromagnetism at the end of the nineteenth century, it was generally accepted that light is propagated as electromagnetic waves, and the debate seemed to be over. However, in 1905, Einstein was able to explain the photoelectric effect, by using the idea of light quanta, or particles which we now call photons.<br />
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Similar confusion reigned over the nature of electrons, which behaved like particles, but then it was discovered in electron diffraction experiments, performed in 1927, that they exhibit wave behavior. So do electrons behave like particles or waves? And what about photons? </div>
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This great challenge was resolved with the discovery of the equations of quantum mechanics. But the theory is not intuitive, and its description of matter is very different from our common experience.<br />
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The Real Deal</h3>
<br />
<a href="http://s.hswstatic.com/gif/quantum-computer-2.jpg"><img border="0" src="https://lh6.googleusercontent.com/proxy/3LqZURF-bQ61xtzNKhgipsOOWAnyw5GbjAui3oVIyB0B3EPD2OQCncx8-i96N1unFr66RCG_vfaIprou6HFc7YGmDFPA" /></a> The Bloch sphere is a representation of a qubit<br />
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Quantum computing is essentially exploiting the laws of quantum mechanics to process information. A traditional computer uses “bits,” which encode either a zero or a one.Quantum computers aren't limited to two states; they encode information as quantum bits, or qubits, which can exist in superposition. Which makes them better machines for computation.<br />
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To really understand superposition we need to look at one work of Alan Turing, "The Turing Machine".</div>
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The Turing machine, developed by Alan Turing in the 1930s, is a theoretical device that consists of tape of infinite length that is divided into little squares. Each square can either hold a symbol (1 or 0) or be left blank. A read-write device reads these symbols and blanks, which gives the machine its instructions to perform a certain program. </div>
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Explained Here: <br />
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Now think of a quantum Turing machine where the long tape is in a quantum state as does the read-write device.This means that the symbols on the tape can be either 0 or 1 or a superposition of 0 and 1, in other words the symbols are both 0 and 1 (and all points in between) at the same time. While a normal Turing machine can only perform one calculation at a time, a quantum Turing machine can perform many calculations at once.</div>
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Quantum computers also utilize another aspect of quantum mechanics known as entanglement.<br />
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Entanglement is an extremely strong correlation that exists between quantum particles, that two or more quantum particles can be inextricably linked in perfect unison, even if separated by great distances. The particles remain perfectly correlated even if separated by great distances. The particles are so intrinsically connected, they can be said to “dance” in instantaneous, perfect unison, even when placed at opposite ends of the universe. This seemingly impossible connection inspired Einstein to describe entanglement as “spooky action at a distance.”<br />
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Quantum Tunneling is something that most of us have heard and is the most misunderstood property of a quantum system. Let us take for example the phenomenon of tunneling. If we can’t tell exactly where something is then it follows that we can’t tell exactly where it’s been or where it will be(Classical/Newtonian Mechanics). The best we can hope for is where it most probably will be. So there’s a small chance that a ball thrown repeatedly at a barrier(for instance a wall) could just tunnel through the barrier, appearing almost magically on the other side. We don’t see this often because a ball is pretty big and its 'uncertainty' pretty small. But if we deal with matter on the subatomic scale it becomes much more likely. It’s made use of commonly in modern electronics and in a real way allows for life on earth. To see why, let us trace the creation of a photon in the sun. The light from the sun that we see, two light atomic nuclei (hydrogen) collide, forming a new element(helium), and in the process light is released. But these nuclei are both positively charged and so repel each other. Only if they have enough energy can they overcome this potential barrier and fuse. But if you do the math, the nuclei in the sun don’t have enough energy. The sun’s just not hot enough, yet, the sun shines, and it does so because of tunneling. Just like our physical barrier, there’s a chance that our particle could be on the other side, and so the sun shines.</div>
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The properties better explained :<br />
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They speak about multi-verse which is an another theory to explain why these subatomic particles behave the way they do, which was first explained Hugh Everett in the 1950's that the complicated and ill-defined parts of quantum mechanics, they're all happening when you measure/observe something, what he said was, when a quantum object/system interacts with another quantum system, the world 'splits', you get 2 worlds from 1 world, and these systems will never interact again. [This is a concise form of it, but the real expressions are far more complicated.(Read more on <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Many-worlds_interpretation">Wikipedia</a>)]<br />
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<span style="text-align: center;">The Result</span></h3>
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Well, with the title being "Quantum Computers - a replacement?", because the whole point of this article being to give you an introduction on the subject and then answering that question. <br />
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Nope, quantum computers will not serve as a replacement to classical computers. The computational power of a quantum computer is immense and can be applied to solve problems that seem impossible with a classical machine.<br />
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So we can use all these properties of a quantum system and apply it in information processing which can help us in a number of ways. As we saw in the above video, they spoke about Optimization problems and Optimization problems are some of the most complex problems to solve.<br />
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Imagine you are building a house, and have a list of things you want to have in your house, but you can’t afford everything on your list because you are constrained by a budget. What you really want to work out is the combination of items which gives you the best value for your money. This is an example of a optimization problem, where you are trying to find the best combination of things given some constraints. Typically, these are very hard problems to solve because of the huge number of possible combinations.</div>
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These types of optimization problems exist in many different domains - systems design, mission planning, airline scheduling, financial analysis, web search, cancer radiotherapy and many more. They are some of the most complex problems in the world, with potentially enormous benefits to businesses, people and science if optimal solutions can be readily computed.</div>
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One more application being, Simulation of physical environments. Many things in the world are uncertain, and governed by the rules of probability. We have, in our heads, a model of how things will turn out in the future, and the better our model is, the better we are at predicting the future. We can also build computer models to try and capture the statistics of reality. This is really a concise idea on quantum mechanics and quantum computing.<br />
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The subject is vast and requires substantial amount of patience to understand it. Although if you think you understood it...you haven't - as quoted by the great Richard Feynman. Well, go explore this ocean of opportunities.<br />
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Additional link: [<a href="https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLkahZjV5wKe_dajngssVLffaCh2gbq55_">Link</a>] -> It's a great reference on this topic.<br />
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